Notes

-Some scholars trace the beginning of anthropology to the enlightenment movement, which began during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Europe and eventually spread to America.
-The study of anthropology in the 1800s focused on cultures and the physical characteristics of the human race.
-Modern anthropology developed in the early 1800s.
-The American Revolution, which lasted from 1775 to 1783, and the French Revolution that began on July 14, 1789, with the storming of the Bastille, were both examples of major societal shifts.
-Chevalier de Lamarck (1744–1829) developed one of the first theories of evolution in 1809.
-A British naturalist named Charles Darwin (1809–1882) published The Origin of Species in 1859, bringing the issue of evolution to center stage. Darwin viewed evolution as a process of natural selection and the survival of the fittest.
-The theory of evolutionism was also supported by information collected by people such Edward Tylor (1832–1917) and Sir James Frazer (1854–1941). (fathers of modern Anthropology)
-Lewis Henry Morgan (1818–1881) agreed with the theory of cultural diffusion; however, he proposed that these similarities between cultures could be developed independently
-Marx believed that all wealth was produced by the labor of the workers. For most socialists, social progress should be the result of peaceful evolution.
-The first stage marked the workers' overthrow of capitalism (business owners), followed by the seizure of the government.
-The second stage characterized the establishment of a small-centralized authority governing in the name of the workers.
-In the third stage, the dictatorship of the proletariat replaced the socialist society. The political state would still exist and have considerable power, and the workers would control the economic production.
-The fourth and highest stage is that of the true communistic society. Production would be in such abundance that work and payment would be made to everyone according to his or her need.
-ethnotricism-believing you are better
-the evolutionary theories of Lewis Henry Morgan and others were being refuted by other anthropologists.
-The beginning of the twentieth century represents a dividing line in the development of cultural and physical anthropology. Cultural anthropology became more of a social science while physical anthropology moved toward the natural sciences.
-The humanities focus on the study of the accomplishments of mankind, while natural science is the study of the laws of nature.
-Franz Boas (1858–1942) was the first person to introduce anthropology into an academic setting. He created the first department of anthropology at Columbia University in New York in 1899.
-Some of his famous students were Ruth F. Benedict (1887–1948) Alfred L. Kroeber (1876–1960), and Margaret Mead (1901–1978), who wrote Coming of Age in Samoa.
-To Malinowski, the current cultural events were more important than how the culture evolved.
-participant observation. In this type of research, the anthropologists actually take an active role in the culture and society they are studying.
-Another important British anthropologist was Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown (1881–1955), a structural functionalist who focused his research on how the institutions in society functioned to keep everything working in an efficient manner.
-Emile Durkheim (1858–1917) developed the functionalist theory of sociology. He viewed society as a group of people working cooperatively for the common good.
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