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The Japanese Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (JANIS) is one of the largest national antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance systems in the world. In particular, the JANIS Clinical Laboratory (CL) division collects comprehensive specimen-based data from diagnostic microbiology laboratories of participating hospitals to monitor the isolation rate of 11 major bacteria and specific AMR bacteria, and creating antibiograms of approximately 20 bacterial species. Curzerene clinical trial Data in the JANIS web-database system are also annually tabulated and provided to the WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS). To create a network of international AMR surveillance systems among Asian countries, Japan is developing an international web-database system named ASIan Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (ASIARS-Net) based on the JANIS system, but is open-source and available confidentially at almost no cost. JANIS further continues to evolve in multiple directions, some of which are selected and discussed in end of this review.Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a late-onset, intractable, and fatal viral disease caused by persistent infection of the central nervous system with a measles virus mutant (SSPE virus). In Japan, interferon-α and ribavirin are administered intracerebroventricularly to patients with SSPE. However, as the therapeutic effect exists but is insufficient, more effective drugs are needed. Favipiravir, which is used clinically as an anti-influenza drug, is widely active against RNA viruses. In this study, the antiviral effect of favipiravir against measles virus (Edmonston strain) and SSPE virus (Yamagata-1 strain) was examined in vitro. The 50% effective concentrations of favipiravir (inhibiting viral plaque formation by 50%) for Edmonston and Yamagata-1 strains were 108.7 ± 2.0 μM (17.1 ± 0.3 μg/mL) and 38.6 ± 6.0 μM (6.1 ± 0.9 μg/mL), respectively, which were similar to those of ribavirin. The antiviral activity of favipiravir against the SSPE virus was demonstrated, for the first time, in this study.Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, it has rapidly spread around the world, the number of patients is also increasing in Japan. The number of COVID-19 cases in Japan in the early stage was not uniform and were largely concentrated in several prefectures. The distribution of the COVID-19 cases and the number of foreign travelers as well as Chinese travelers at prefectural level showed a strong positive correlation coefficient of 0.68 (P less then 0.0001) and 0.60 (P less then 0.0001), respectively. Moreover, phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the all of the registered SARS-CoV-2 detected in from January 23 and through February 29, 2020 belonged to the Chinese lineage, while those detected in March 2020, belonged to American and European lineages. Only 14 (20.3%) were infected outside of Japan, but the majority of the cases (79.7%) were infected domestically. To conclude, higher number of COVID-19 cases were found in prefectures with more Chinese travelers, supporting the importance of enforcing policies to restrict entry of overseas travelers to control COVID-19 spread. These findings highlight the risk of secondary transmission in the community caused by apparent or silent imported cases.Companion animals can become infected with tick-borne diseases (TBDs) and can become hosts of transmission to humans, thereby damaging human health. To clarify whether companion animals are infested by ticks harboring TBD pathogens in humans, we detected TBD pathogens in ticks collected from dogs and cats brought to animal hospitals in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. Investigation of 164 adult ticks collected from 88 dogs and 41 cats during March-July 2018 revealed the predominant tick species as Ixodes ovatus (n = 95, 57.9%), followed by Ixodes nipponensis (37, 22.6%) and Haemaphysalis flava (10, 6.1%). The results of our genetic tests targeting spotted fever group rickettsiae, Lyme disease borreliae, relapsing fever borreliae, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and Huaiyangshan banyangvirus (formerly SFTS virus) indicated that Borrelia miyamotoi, which cause emerging relapsing fever, was detected from two I. ovatus ticks. Furthermore, Rickettsia monacensis and Rickettsia helvetica, which cause rickettsiosis, were frequently detected mainly from I. nipponensis and Ixodes persulcatus, respectively. Our study results suggest that dogs and cats, along with veterinary professionals and pet owners, have potential risk of TBD exposure in Yamagata. Continuous monitoring of the occurrence of TBD, including TBDs that are unrecognized in Japan, is necessary for companion animals and humans.Non-pathogenic Rickettsia species LON strains closely related to an agent of Japanese spotted fever (JSF), R. japonica, were isolated from Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks in 2001, Japan. However, the biological properties of LONs in mammalian host cells are less understood. In this study, microscopic analysis showed that LONs in a mouse-derived L929 host cell line are rod shaped with sizes of 0.3-0.5 x 0.5- 2.0 μm. Molecular-based analysis revealed the existence of LON-specific disrupted open reading frame in R. japonica-related group specific DNA region. Growth kinetics of LON-2 and LON-13 strains analyzed by a quantitative real-time PCR showed 100-fold increment or more of LONs cultured in L929 host cells at 30oC and slightly less increment at 33oC, and 25-fold increment in human-derived THP-1 host cells at 35oC on day 7 (168 h) post infection. The generation times of 2 LON strains cultured in L929 and THP-1 were estimated to be 9.4-12.9 h and 9.6-10.9 h, respectively. As far as we know, this is for the first time a report regarding the biological characteristics of Rickettsia sp. LONs in mammalian cells and will provide the significant information for the experimental approaches of the other rickettsiae.This study evaluated cell invasion ability (CIA) of Streptococcus canis isolates and clarified the relationship between high-frequency CIA and microbiological features. Of the companion animal-origin isolates (n = 117) in 2017, 40 isolates were randomly selected with the host information, and two human blood-origin isolates were included. We measured the CIA using human colon carcinoma epithelium and the hemolytic activity (HA) using sheep blood, along with S. canis M-like protein (SCM) allele typing, sequence type (ST) determination, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotyping/genotyping. CIA measurements revealed that 19 isolates were high-frequency and 24 isolates were low-frequency. The HA assessment revealed that 24 isolates were categorized as high-level and 19 isolates were low-level. There was no difference in the high/low-level HA between the high-frequency/low-frequency CIA populations. There was a significant difference in the high/low-frequency CIA between SCM group I/II populations. There was also significantly higher CIA in the SCM allele type 10/type 11 than in others.
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