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Fiscal evaluation of nutrition surgery: Can you dimensions fit just about all?
Progesterone is widely used in prenatal care. However, long-term effects of prenatal progesterone treatment on child development are unclear.

To evaluate long-term outcomes in children after prenatal progesterone treatment.

MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to 24 May 2020.

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) reporting outcomes in children born to women who received progesterone treatment (compared with placebo or another intervention) during any trimester in pregnancy.

Two authors independently selected and extracted data. We used the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomised trials and Quality In Prognosis Studies.

Of 388 papers, we included seven articles based on five RCTs, comprising 4222 measurements of children aged 6months to 8years. All studies compared progesterone to placebo in second and/or third trimester for the prevention of preterm birth. Meta-analysis (two studies, n=890 children) showed no difference in neurodevelopment as assessed by the Bayley-III Cognitive Composite score at 2years between children exposed to progesterone versus placebo (Standardised Mean Difference -0.04, 95% Confidence Interval -0.26 to 0.19), I
=22%. Heterogeneity prohibited additional meta-analyses. Other long-term outcomes showed no differences.

Our systematic review comprising a multitude of developmental measurements with a broad age range did not find evidence of benefit or harm in offspring prenatally exposed to progesterone treatment for the prevention of preterm birth. We identified an urgent need for follow-up studies of prenatal progesterone administration in early pregnancy and effects in offspring beyond early childhood.

Progesterone to prevent preterm birth no effect on child development. Outcomes after first trimester progesterone are unclear.
Progesterone to prevent preterm birth no effect on child development. Outcomes after first trimester progesterone are unclear.Nociceptive signals are processed within a pain-related network of the brain. Migraine is a rather specific model to gain insight into this system. Brain networks may be described by white matter tracts interconnecting functionally defined gray matter regions. Here, we present an overview of the migraine-related pain network revealed by this strategy. Based on diffusion tensor imaging data from subjects in the Human Connectome Project (HCP) database, we used a global tractography approach to reconstruct white matter tracts connecting brain regions that are known to be involved in migraine-related pain signaling. This network includes an ascending nociceptive pathway, a descending modulatory pathway, a cortical processing system, and a connection between pain-processing and modulatory areas. The insular cortex emerged as the central interface of this network. Direct connections to visual and auditory cortical association fields suggest a potential neural basis of phono- or photophobia and aura phenomena. The intra-axonal volume (Vintra ) as a measure of fiber integrity based on diffusion microstructure was extracted using an innovative supervised machine learning approach in form of a Bayesian estimator. Self-reported pain levels of HCP subjects were positively correlated with tract integrity in subcortical tracts. No correlation with pain was found for the cortical processing systems.Malaria-causing parasites are transmitted from humans to mosquitoes when developmentally arrested gametocytes are taken up by a female Anopheles during a blood meal. The changes in environment from human to mosquito activate gametogenesis, including a drop in temperature, a rise in pH, and a mosquito-derived molecule, xanthurenic acid. Signaling receptors have not been identified in malaria parasites but mounting evidence indicates that cGMP homeostasis is key to sensing extracellular cues in gametocytes. Low levels of cGMP maintained by phosphodiesterases prevent precocious activation of gametocytes in the human blood. Upon ingestion, initiation of gametogenesis depends on the activation of a hybrid guanylyl cyclase/P4-ATPase. Elevated cGMP levels lead to the rapid mobilization of intracellular calcium that relies upon the activation of both cGMP-dependent protein kinase and phosphoinositide phospholipase C. Once calcium is released, a cascade of phosphorylation events mediated by calcium-dependent protein kinases and phosphatases regulates the cellular processes required for gamete formation. cGMP signaling also triggers timely egress from the host cell at other life cycle stages of malaria parasites and in Toxoplasma gondii, a related apicomplexan parasite. This suggests that cGMP signaling is a versatile platform transducing external cues into calcium signals at important decision points in the life cycle of apicomplexan parasites.Plant litter chemistry is altered during decomposition but it remains unknown if these alterations, and thus the composition of residual litter, will change in response to climate. Selective microbial mineralization of litter components and the accumulation of microbial necromass can drive litter compositional change, but the extent to which these mechanisms respond to climate remains poorly understood. We addressed this knowledge gap by studying needle litter decomposition along a boreal forest climate transect. Specifically, we investigated how the composition and/or metabolism of the decomposer community varies with climate, and if that variation is associated with distinct modifications of litter chemistry during decomposition. We analyzed the composition of microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) in the litter layer and measured natural abundance δ13 CPLFA values as an integrated measure of microbial metabolisms. Changes in litter chemistry and δ13 C values were measured in litterbag experiments condur decomposition can play in shaping surface litter contribution to soil organic matter as it responds to climate warming effects such as greater nitrogen availability.Lepeophtheirus salmonis is an ectoparasite causing economic concerns in Atlantic salmon farming. Salmon lice infestation management methods can be stressful and impact fish welfare. This work investigated the stress effect on the attachment of L. salmonis copepodids to Atlantic salmon through two approaches (a) handling by netting and air exposure (acute stress), and (b) crowding with restricted surface access in a tank (chronic stress). In the first experiment, we compared the number of attached L. salmonis and cortisol levels between a group of handled salmon and a control group. In the second experiment, a group of densely packed salmon was compared to a control group based on the number of attached copepodids, cortisol levels and neutrophillymphocyte ratios. Handled salmon showed significantly higher plasma cortisol levels (p .05). The neutrophillymphocyte ratio was significantly higher (p = .0014) in the densely packed salmon than in the control salmon. Temsirolimus Handling salmon increased their risk of infestation by L.
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