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Regular exercise in older adults can slow the physical, psychological, and functional decline that is associated with aging. Understanding what may contribute to the initiation and adherence of exercise within the older adult population might help identify interventions that would successfully increase physical activity. The purpose of the current study was to determine if motivational interviewing would increase readiness for change, daily steps, and functional ability among older adult participants. The Senior Fitness Test (SFT) and pedometers were used to assess functional ability and daily steps within two groups of older adults. All participants who completed the 8-week study, on average, demonstrated an increase in daily steps as well as overall fitness. Posttest analyses revealed that the outcome for the intervention group did not exceed the control group, with the exception of the 8-foot up-and-go test, a test within the SFT that measures agility and dynamic balance (p = 0.035). One-on-one, individualized socialization sessions may have contributed to the overall improvement noted in both groups. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 48(3), 23-29.].The current study aimed to compare the effects of foot reflexology and warm foot-bath on improving sleep quality in older adults. Participants were randomized to the foot reflexology group (n = 50) or warm footbath group (n = 50). Data were collected using a Descriptive Information Form and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Foot reflexology was applied 30 minutes twice per week for 6 weeks. Warm foot-bath was applied 1 hour before bedtime every evening for 6 weeks. Comparison of mean total scores from the PSQI before and after reflexology indicated that mean postintervention total scores decreased significantly compared to preintervention scores (p 0.05). According to current findings, both interventions improved sleep quality in older adults. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 48(3), 17-22.].The current study examined characteristics of early-onset and late-onset disability in older adults and identified predictors of health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This is a secondary data analysis of the 2017 national survey in South Korea. Participants were 4,014 older adults with disabilities, who were divided into an early-onset group (n = 2,229) and late-onset group (n = 1,785). Data were analyzed using complex sample analyses. Difficulties during outdoor activity and transportation use, self-rated health, and stress were common predictors in both groups. Comorbidity was a significant predictor only in the early-onset group. Use of information technology devices, household income, and perceived social discrimination were significant predictors in the late-onset group. Characteristics and predictors of HRQoL were different between groups, despite sharing common characteristics. It is necessary to improve support systems and health care services for older adults with disabilities. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 48(3), 37-47.].More than 48 million unpaid family/friend caregivers in the United States provide care to older adults. This unpaid workforce provides essential support for family members or friends who have a serious, long-term illness or disability. However, family caregivers are often under supported, which contributes to negative health, economic, and psychological consequences. Despite the significant contributions of family caregivers, there are limited policy supports aimed at alleviating the hardships of care on this growing community. National paid family and medical leave policy in particular holds substantial potential to alleviate the compounding burdens faced by family caregivers and address systemic inequities that contribute to disproportionately poorer caregiving outcomes among historically marginalized older adults and their caregivers. The purpose of the current article is to provide an overview of the economic burdens and caregiving-related health disparities experienced by Black/African American and Hispanic/Latinx family caregivers and discuss the impact of paid leave policies on the overall health and well-being of older adults. We propose a "Call to Action" for gerontological nurses to work in partnership with transdisciplinary colleagues, stakeholders, and advocates to ensure all family care-givers have access to paid leave. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 48(3), 5-10.].The current quality improvement project aimed at replicating the implementation of a sit-to-stand exercise program in a small 20-bed assisted living facility (ALF) in rural North Carolina. The primary outcome was for residents to maintain or improve function in performance of activities of daily living (ADLs). Even with the challenges of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, ALF staff and residents found a way to continue the exercise program with a high level of participation and thus prevent avoidable decline in residents' independence with ADLs. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 48(3), 30-36.].Unaccustomed exercise causes muscle damage resulting in loss of muscle function, which may be attributable to exercise-induced increases in skeletal muscle reactive oxygen species. This study examined the effect of mitochondria-targeted antioxidant supplementation on recovery of muscle function following exercise. Thirty-two untrained men received MitoQ (20 mg/day) or a placebo for 14 days before performing 300 maximal eccentric contractions of the knee extensor muscles of 1 leg. Muscle function was assessed using isokinetic dynamometry before, immediately after, and 24, 48, 72, and 168 hours after exercise. Muscle soreness was assessed using a visual analogue scale 24, 48, 72, and 168 hours after exercise. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, and 2, 24, 48, 72, and 168 hours after exercise and urine samples were collected before and during the 48 hours after exercise. The reduction in maximal voluntary isometric contraction force and peak concentric torque following exercise was unaffected by MitoQ while recovery of peak eccentric torque was delayed in the MitoQ group. Exercise-induced increases in urine F2-isoprostanes were unaffected by MitoQ. MitoQ augmented exercise-induced increases in plasma creatine kinase levels, while plasma IL-6 was similar between groups. Muscle soreness was not affected by MitoQ. These results indicate that MitoQ does not attenuate post-exercise muscle soreness and may delay recovery of muscle function following eccentric exercise. Trial registration number ACTRN12620001089921. Novelty Post-exercise recovery of maximal voluntary isometric contraction force and peak concentric torque were unaffected by MitoQ. MitoQ delayed post-exercise recovery of peak eccentric torque. Post-exercise muscle soreness was unaffected by MitoQ.While the effects of changing heart rate and systemic vascular resistance have been generally understood and appreciated, the effects of changes in left ventricular contractility on end-systolic volume may have been less understood and appreciated and the effects of changes in venous capacitance on end-diastolic volume may have been unknown to many readers. Herein, we have provided a brief review for the medical student and beginning graduate student highlighting these sometimes-complex relationships.There is a widely variable breadth of coverage of skeletal muscle content across both undergraduate human anatomy and undergraduate anatomy and physiology (A&P) courses. In response to the need for a more global understanding of the content taught in undergraduate anatomy courses, we developed an online survey (administered through Qualtrics) where both human anatomy and A&P faculty could report skeletal muscle coverage in their courses. The survey also collected comparative demographic institutional data such as the type of institution (community college vs. 4 year), course format, and geographic location of the undergraduate institution. Skeletal muscles surveyed included those listed and described in a typical undergraduate human anatomy text (McKinley MP, O'Loughlin VD, Pennefather O. Human Anatomy (5th ed.), 2017, p. 960). The data indicated some interesting instructional trends regarding muscular system coverage. First, both the "identification" and "action" of specific muscles are taught at a higher frequency than the teaching of either "attachments or innervation." Innervation of specific skeletal muscles is the least taught concept. In each body region, certain muscles were taught with higher frequency than others. This research shows there is a global trend in teaching identification of specific skeletal muscles within each body region and often this is accompanied by teaching actions of said muscles. These general instructional trends may increase our understanding of the anatomical and physiological education our undergraduate students are receiving and will lead to further critical conversations about content development and curriculum.Endophthalmitis is an ophthalmological emergency requiring timely and appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Selleck MLN8054 Microbiological methods of microscopy (Gram's staining) and culture are the current gold standard for organism identification. However, a significant proportion of endophthalmitis remains culture-negative-perhaps the inflammation is non-infectious in origin, results from a novel organism are unidentifiable or because the causative organism is non-culturable often due to pre-treatment with antibiotics. This review outlines the microbiological profile of endophthalmitis, current clinically used methods for organism identification, and the newer molecular techniques of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology as diagnostic tools for endophthalmitis. They offer the potential to improve organism identification rates and clinical outcomes in infectious diseases, representing an exciting future direction for organism identification in endophthalmitis. Based on the largest ophthalmic hospital in Australia, we highlight the key practical challenges faced by Australian diagnostic laboratories for their use in a clinical setting.Experiencing pain in one leg can alter exercise tolerance and neuromuscular fatigue (NMF) responses in the contralateral leg; however, the corticospinal modulations to nonlocal experimental pain induced by blood flow occlusion remain unknown. In three randomized visits, 13 male participants performed 25% of isometric maximal voluntary contraction (25%IMVC) to task failure with one leg preceded by (i) 6-min rest (CON), (ii) cycling at 80% of peak power output until task failure with the contralateral leg (CYCL), or (iii) CYCL followed by blood flow occlusion (OCCL) during 25%IMVC. NMF assessments (IMVC, voluntary activation [VA], and potentiated twitch [Qtw]) were performed at baseline and task failure. During the 25%IMVC, transcranial magnetic stimulations were performed to obtain motor-evoked potential (MEP), silent period (SP), and short intracortical inhibition (SICI). 25%IMVC was the shortest in OCCL (105 ± 50s) and shorter in CYCL (154 ± 68 s) than CON (219 ± 105 s) (p less then 0.05). IMVC declined less after OCCL (-24 ± 19%) and CYCL (-27 ± 18%), then CON (-35 ± 11%) (p less then 0.05). Qtw declined less in OCCL (-40 ± 25%) compared to CYCL (-50 ± 22%) and CON (-50 ± 21%) (p less then 0.05). VA was similar amongst conditions. MEP and SP increased and SICI decreased throughout the task, while SP was longer for OCCL compared to CYC condition (p less then 0.05). The results suggest that pain in one leg diminishes contralateral limb exercise tolerance and NMF development and modulate corticospinal inhibition in males. Novelty Pain in one leg diminished MVC and twitch force decline in the contralateral limb. Experimental pain induced by blood flow occlusion may modulation corticospinal inhibition of the neural circuitries innervating the contralateral exercise limb.
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