Notes

Hepatic stellate tissue part during metabolic disorders advancement : A molecular review.
Birds that forage at feeders must balance the risk of predation with the benefit of food acquisition. We color-banded black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) in a wild population and investigated their responses to a predator (Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperii) model placed 1 m or 5 m from a feeding platform. Over 40 trials, we recorded a total of 3,576 chickadee visits to a feeder. When the predator model was present, chickadees made fewer and shorter visits to the feeder, and there was greater latency to visit the feeder than during all other phases of the trials (prestimulus, poststimulus, and with the presence of a control model, a songbird [all p less then .05]). Individual birds were highly consistent in the number of visits across phases (adjusted intraclass correlation coefficient = .958). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling allowed visualization of differences among individuals in the number of visits by trial phase. Although all 16 color-banded birds made fewer visits to the feeder when the predator model was present, some individuals were bolder than others, and some were more cautious. In addition, 4 individuals (25%) also made fewer visits when the songbird model was present, 3 different individuals (19%) also made fewer visits during the postpredator phase, and 1 (6.3%) individual was cautious about both the songbird and during the postpredator phase. Distance-based redundancy analysis (dbRDA) indicated that individuals' latency among phases explained significant variation in their number of visits. Examining behavioral responses on an individual basis allowed a more subtle understanding of behavior along the boldness-shyness continuum. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).To date, no studies have examined the ontogeny of susceptibility to visual illusions in nonhuman mammals. Our previous study on the perception of the Delboeuf illusion by adult cats suggested they perceive this illusion, and that the visual processing involved in size judgment differs in the presence or absence of a misleading surround. We therefore asked whether weanling kittens are susceptible to the Delboeuf visual illusion, as adult cats are. see more Like the adults, kittens were presented with a series of 2-way food choice tasks where same- or different-size food portions were presented on same- or different-size plates. In control trials, the kittens significantly discriminated between 2 different amounts of food on same-size plates and, like adults, they chose the larger amount; when the difference between the food amounts was greater, the kittens chose the larger amount more reliably. Olfactory control trials confirmed that kittens, like adults, used visual cues when comparing quantities in this setting. In contrast to adults, however, in the illusion trials with same-size food portions on different-size plates, the kittens did not choose either of the 2 different-size plates significantly above chance and so did not appear to perceive the illusion. This suggests heterochronicity in the development of the cat visual system in which the ability to discriminate sizes develops before susceptibility to an illusion using these stimuli. Remaining questions include at what age susceptibility to visual illusions emerges and whether this depends on continued maturation of the brain, on experience of the visual world, or both. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).COVID-19 has exacerbated the challenges that newcomer refugee and immigrant families face. While many of the supports that schools typically offer were disrupted by the pandemic, school-based assistance remains critical in this challenging context. In addition to education-related challenges, many newcomer families have been disproportionately impacted across financial, employment, and health contexts. The present study highlights the perspectives of newcomer families to understand their experiences, stressors, and ability to cope during the pandemic, as well as how their school communities can offer support to mitigate the potential for increased disparities. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 14 parents (Mage = 38.68) and 13 students (Mage = 14.31) engaged in a school-based intervention for newcomer students. Among students, 71.4% were identified as male, and the majority of caregivers were mothers (85.7%). Newcomer families reported significant challenges due to COVID-19, including difficult social-emotional adjustment, financial challenges, and significant academic difficulties. Themes also emerged related to sources of support and coping. Implications for how schools can further support newcomer families given these challenges and strengths are considered. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine the success of multiple-behavior interventions and to identify whether the efficacy of such programs depends on the number of recommendations prescribed and the type of outcomes measured.

We conducted a synthesis of 136 research reports (N = 59,330) using a robust variance estimate model (Tanner-Smith et al., 2016) to study change between baseline and the first follow-up across multiple-behavior interventions, single-behavior interventions, and passive controls.

Multiple-behavior interventions were more efficacious than their single-behavior counterparts (multiple-behaviors d = .44 [95% confidence interval, CI [.27, .60]); single-behavior d = .21 [95% CI [.00, .43]), with efficacy varying based on the type of outcomes measured. Publication bias analysis revealed a small asymmetry but controlling for it did not eliminate these effects. There was a strong linear relation between the number of recommendations prescribed by an intervention and intervention efficacy (B = .07, SE = .01, p < .001), with strongest improvements observed for interventions making five or more recommendations. These patterns remained when controlling for other intervention and population characteristics.

Multiple-behavior interventions are successful in the HIV domain and increasing the number of recommendations made in the intervention generally maximizes improvements. These findings provide insights that may guide the design and implementation of integrated interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Multiple-behavior interventions are successful in the HIV domain and increasing the number of recommendations made in the intervention generally maximizes improvements. These findings provide insights that may guide the design and implementation of integrated interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
The high rate of statistically significant findings in the sciences that do not replicate in a new sample has been described as a "replication crisis." Few replication attempts have been conducted in studies of alcohol use disorder (AUD), and the best method for determining whether a finding replicates has not been explored. The goal of the current study was to conduct direct replications within a multisite AUD-randomized controlled trial and to test a range of replication metrics.

We used data from a large AUD clinical trial (Project Matching Alcoholism Treatments and Client Heterogeneity [Project MATCH],
= 1,726) to simulate direct replication attempts. We examined associations between drinking intensity and negative alcohol-related consequences (Model 1), sex differences in drinking intensity (Model 2), and reductions in drinking following treatment (Model 3). We treated each of the 11 data collection sites as unique studies such that each subsample was treated as an "original" study, and the remain facilitate direct replication. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
This study examined past-year cannabis use prevalence and sociodemographic and clinical correlates of cannabis use among Veterans Health Administration (VHA) primary care patients in a state with legalized medical cannabis.

Participants were 1,072 predominantly white, male, VHA primary care patients enrolled in a drug screening validation study (2012-2014). Sociodemographic and clinical correlates were examined by past-year cannabis use status. Multivariate regression models, adjusted for demographics, estimated cannabis use prevalence and clinical correlates among recreational, medical, and both medical and recreational users.

Nearly one in five (18.7%) veterans endorsed past-year cannabis use, with 14.1% of the total sample reporting any recreational use and 7.0% reporting any medical use. Correlates of any past-year use included younger age, period of service, being unmarried, lower education, lower income, other substance use, meeting criteria for an alcohol or drug use disorder or posttraumatic strl outcomes compared to medical-only users. Prevalence monitoring, assessment, and intervention services should be considered, particularly in states with legalized cannabis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis are the three most frequently used drugs in the United States and co-use is common. Alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use has been separately associated with altered brain structure, and alcohol and tobacco co-use results in decreases in gray matter volume. Less is known about the effect of alcohol and cannabis co-use, and alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis tri-use. Therefore, this study examined the effect of co- and tri-use on gray matter volume, a measure of brain cell density, in heavy drinkers.

Heavy drinkers (
= 237; 152m/85f; age = 32.52; white = 111; black = 28; Latino = 9; American Indian = 2; Pacific Islander = 4; Asian = 59; mixed = 15; other = 9) were classified into four groups based on their alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use alcohol only users (
= 70), alcohol and tobacco co-users (
= 90), alcohol and cannabis co-users (
= 35), and alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis tri-users (
= 42). All participants completed a structural MRI scan. Voxel-based morphometry wasrlapping cannabis and tobacco use masked volume differences present in separate co-using groups. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Conceptual models of addiction highlight self-efficacy and motivation as key variables important during a smoking quit attempt; however, recent research has primarily focused on self-efficacy. Given the importance of motivation in these models, a clearer understanding of the effects of motivation during a smoking quit attempt is needed.

This study utilized ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to investigate the dynamic effects of motivation and self-efficacy early in a quit attempt. Participants were 356 smokers (45% male; 34% African American, 33% non-Hispanic White, 33% Latino). Participants completed EMAs of motivation, self-efficacy, and smoking for 4 days prequit through 1 week postquit, and returned for a follow-up assessment at 4 weeks postquit. Trajectory parameters of motivation and self-efficacy (mean, slope, and volatility) were analyzed in separate and combined regression models to predict smoking outcomes.

Prequit results showed that parameters of motivation and self-efficacy were not associated with smoking on quit day.
Here's my website: https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bms-986158.html