Notes

Diversity of Life (Chapter 2) Cells &
Heredity Chapter 1.1 Study Aid
Section 1:
Terms to Know: Virus, Host, Parasite, Vaccine
Concepts to Review:
What are the parts/ structures of a virus?
Protein coat, genetic material, membrane envelope, surface proteins
How does a vaccine work?
A weakened form of the virus is introduced into the body and the body learns to recognize and fight the virus. The next time the body comes into contact with the virus it recognizes the virus and then will be better equipped to fight the virus.
Why are a virus’ proteins important?
They help a virus to connect to a cell and to transmit information.
How does the size of a virus compare to the size of cells?
A virus is much smaller than a cell
Section 2:
Terms to Know: Bacteria, Binary Fission, Conjugation
Concepts to Review:
What are the parts of bacteria?
Cell wall, genetic material, cytoplasm, cilia, cell membrane, ribosomes, flagellum
What are the shapes of bacteria?
Rod, Spiral, Sphere
How big is a bacterium?
Bacteria vary greatly in size; the largest is as large as a period . the smallest is approx. .5 micrometer.
How do bacteria get food and energy?
Some are autotrophic some are heterotrophic

What are the two ways that bacteria reproduce (describe both processes)?
Binary Fission- Binary fission is how bacteria reproduce asexually. A bacterium swells to double it’s original size and then split into two identical cells. Each cells has identical genetic information to the other.
Conjugation- Conjugation is how bacteria reproduce sexually. In conjugation, two bacterium join together as one forms a bridge and one transfers half of it’s genetic information to the other. One bacterium stays the same and the other is changed genetically. The number of bacteria does not increase
What is the role of bacteria in nature?
Bacteria are involved in oxygen and food production, in health maintenance and medicine
production and in environmental cleanup and recycling.

Section 3:
Terms to Know: Protist, Pseudopod, Contractile Vacuole, Cilia, Algae, Pigment, Spore
Concepts to Review:
What are the characteristics of animal-like protists?
They are heterotrophic and move to get their food.
What are the four groups of animal-like protists and what makes them different from one another?
Pseudopod: move using false feet that propel them forward. The most common is the amoeba.
Flagellates: move using a flag like structure that wiggles back and forth.
Ciliates: move using fur like structures (called cilia) that move in a wavelike pattern. The most
common is the paramecium.
Parasites: are the only animal-like protist that are characterized more by how the live than by
how they move. They attach to a host and cause harm.
What are some common animal-like protists?
The most common is the amoeba.
What are the characteristics of plant-like protists?
They are autotrophic. They may be unicellular or multicellular and use pigments to capture the
Sun’s energy.

What is the most common type of plant-like protist?
They are most commonly called algae
What are the characteristics of fungus-like protists?
They are heterotrophic, but, cannot move. They reproduce using spores.

Questions / Concepts for Review:
How do bacterial cells differ from other eukaryotic cells?
TRICK QUESTION :) They are not eukaryotic cells! All bacterial cells are prokaryotic; meaning that
they are single celled organisms whose genetic material is NOT contained in a nucleus.

Cells and Heredity- Chapter 1 Study Aid
Section 1:
Terms to Know: Cell, Microscope, Cell Theory
People to Know: Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow
Concepts to Review:
What are the three components of “Cell Theory”?
1. All Cells come from other cells
2. All living things are made of cells
3. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things.
How were cells discovered? What materials were used in this discovery process?
Plant Cells- Plant cells were discovered by Robert Hooke. Robert Hooke took a piece of cork and looked at a thin sample under the microscope. He thought that the rectangular shapes looked like the tiny cells that monks slept in and thus he named the boxes “cells”. He is considered the father of cells.
Animal Cells: Anton Von Leeuwenhoek scraped his teeth and looked at it under a microscope. He noticed that what came from his teeth was moving and looked like little animals. He had discovered animal cells and bacteria.
How does a microscope magnify an image?
It uses a combination of lenses and light. Magnification is the condition of things appearing larger than they are.
How does a scientist use a microscope (including how they calculate total magnification)?
SEE MICROSCOPE GUIDED NOTE TAKING SHEET FOR STEPS FOR USAGE
To calculate total magnification take the eyepiece (10x) and multiply it by the objective lens.
5. What is the name of the microscope we use and why is it called that?
Compound microscope- because of the combination of lenses
Section 2:
Terms to Know: Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism, Multicellular, Unicellular ALL ORGANELLES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS (I would HIGHLY recommend making flashcards with pictures to review these)
Concepts to Review:
What are the organelles inside of a cell?
REFER TO GUIDED NOTE TAKING SHEET, QUIZLET or SHEPPARD SOFTWARE GAME
What are the functions of the organelles inside of cells?
REFER TO GUIDED NOTE TAKING SHEET, QUIZLET or SHEPPARD SOFTWARE GAME
How are plant and animal cells alike? How are the different?
Plant & animal cells contain many of the same organelles. Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts
(filled with chlorophyll) and larger vacuoles. Animal cells have more lysosomes.
How are cells different in unicellular and multicellular organisms?
If they are a unicellular organism, they only have one cell. If they are a multicellular organism
their cells are organized into tissues.
How do cells work together in an organism ( figure 7, page 21)?
Organelles -> Cells -> Tissue -> Organs -> Organ Systems -> Organisms