Notes

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1. yeoman farmer (Google)
2. republicanism-the ideology of governing the nation as a republic, where the head of state is not appointed through hereditary means, but usually through an election , A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

3. tariff - taxes put in place on imported goods. first tariff in America was the Protective Tariffs. a schedule of duties imposed by a government on imported or in some countries exported goods. b : a duty or rate of duty imposed in such a schedule. 2 : a schedule of rates or charges of a business or a public utility

4. midnight judges-a nick name given to group of judges that was appointed by John Adams the night before he left office. He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long term federalist influence, because judges serve for life instead of limited terms. The Judiciary Act of 1801 created the new judgeships Adams filled.

5. Marbury v. Madison-The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789).

6. judicial review-The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789).

7. Aaron Burr-Jefferson's presidential candidate who received the same number of electoral votes for the presidency. He later joined a group of Federalist extremists to plot the secession of New England and New York. He killed Alex Hamilton in a duel. He was arrested for treason.

8. Sally Hemings-The half-sister of Martha Jefferson, Thomas Jefferson's wife. Thomas Jefferson has an affair with her causing him to be seen in a whole new light by the people of his time till now. Because of this, the once respected man can be seen as someone no different than the average slave-owner of the time

9. “wall of separation between church and state”-n reciprocation to the Cheshire farmers' cheese; proclaimed that the First Amendment supported a "wall of separation between church and state"; also declared that "religion is a matter which lies solely between Man and his God" but was out of the government's purview; celebrated by the New England Baptists, but feared by New England Federalists because they thought he was an atheist

10. religious establishment-Tax-supported churches in 1775. The Anglican Church and the Congregational Church. Colonies that had tax supported religions, only minority of people belonged to it.

11. deists-Deism is religion of the Enlightenment. Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. It is the belief that God is a remote creator and does not interfere with laws of the universe.

12. Second Great Awakening-A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.

13. Louisiana Purchase-The Louisiana Purchase. U.S. acquisition of the Louisiana territory from France in 1803 for $15 million. The purchase secured American control of the Mississippi river and doubled the size of the nation. The Lewis and Clark Expidition. Overland expedition to the Pacific coast lead by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark.

14. Corps of Discovery-Official name of the Lewis and Clark Expedition members. Lewis and Clark expedition that ascended the Missouri River from St. Louis and spent the winter of 1804-1805 with the Mandan Indians in North Dakota, aided by Sacajawea and reached the Pacific coast

15. Embargo Act-The Embargo Act of 1807 was a law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Britain and France had been continuously harassing the U.S. and seizing U.S. ship's and men. ... Jefferson hoped to weaken Britain and France by stopping trade.

16. Non-Intercourse Act-Ultimately hurt the national economy and was replaced with the Non-Intercourse Act. 1809-Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's bill No. 2.

17. Tecumseh- A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.

18. War Hawks-Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress.

19. Treaty of Ghent-On December 24, 1814, The Treaty of Ghent was signed by British and American representatives at Ghent, Belgium, ending the War of 1812. By terms of the treaty, all conquered territory was to be returned, and commissions were planned to settle the boundary of the United States and Canada.

20. Hartford Convention-Hartford Convention. The Hartford Convention was a meeting of New England Federalists held in Hartford Connecticut in the winter of 1814-15. These Federalist opposed the War of 1812 and held the convention to discuss and seek redress by Washington for their complaints and wrongs that the felt had been done.

21. Oregon Country- Oregon country, also known as the treaty of Oregon. 1846 between England and the US- signed in DC. Treaty brought an end to the Oregon boundary dispute by settling US and British claims to the Oregon country. Negotiated by Buchanan who at the time was secretary of state. Set at 49th parallel exception of Vancouver Island. Washington territory formed from it in 1853.

22. Adams-Onis Treaty-Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) also known as the Florida Purchase Treaty and the Transcontinental Treaty; under its terms, the United States paid Spain $5 million for Florida, Spain recognized America's claims to the Oregon Country, and the United States surrendered its claim to northern Mexico (Texas)

23. Monroe Doctrine-Monroe Doctrine. (1823) A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.The Monroe Doctrine is the best known U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere. Buried in a routine annual message delivered to Congress by President James Monroe in December 1823, the doctrine warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs.

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1. Andrew Jackson-known as "Old Hickory"; hates the British and the Indians; war hero in the Battle of New Orleans; defeated Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend; believed in the Common Man; reduced voting restictions; 7th president; "Good Ole Boy System"; Indian Removal Act; Trail of Tears; Worcester v. Georgia

2. cotton gin-American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged. Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers.

3. King Cotton-Term used by Southern authors and orators before the Civil War to indicate the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry, and that the North needed the South's cotton. In a speech to the Senate in 1858, James Hammond declared, "You daren't make war against cotton! ...Cotton is king!".

4. black belt-black belt (mid 1800s) region of the Deep South with the highest concentration of slaves; the "Black belt" emerged in the nineteenth century as cotton production became more profitable and slavery expanded south and west. Nat Turner's rebellion (1831)

5. chattel slavery-Definition of Chattel Slavery. ... Chattel slavery, or the owning of human beings as property able to be bought, sold, given, and inherited, is perhaps the best known form of slavery. Slaves in this context have no personal freedom or recognized rights to decide the direction of their own lives.

6. cotton textiles-In manufacturing cotton textiles, the South fared considerably better (than in steel). Southerners had long resented shipping their fiber to New England, and now their cry was "Bring the mills to the cotton." Beginning about 1880, northern capital began to erect cotton mills in the South, largely in response to tax benefits and the prospect of cheap and non-unionized labor. The textile mills proved a mixed blessing to the economically blighted South. They slowly wove an industrial thread into the fabric of southern life, but at a considerable human cost. Cheap labor was the South's major attraction for potential investors, and keeping labor cheap became almost a religion among southern industrialists.

7. Lowell, Massachusetts -In a textile mill at Lowell, Massachusetts virtually all of the workers were New England farm girls. They were supervised on and off the job, and even escorted to and from church. They had few opportunities to express their discontentment regarding their working conditions.

8. Panic of 1819-When: 1819 Where:US Significance: The Panic of 1819 was the first major financial crisis in the United States. It featured widespread foreclosures, bank failures, unemployment, and a slump in agriculture and manufacturing. It marked the end of the economic expansion that had followed the War of 1812.

9. Erie Canal-an artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river at Albany with Lake Erie at Buffalo. DeWitt Clinton, United States politician who as governor of New York supported the project to build the Erie Canal (1769-1828)

10. Robert Fulton-American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)inventor of the steamboat, which as a boat that had a powerful steam engine. these enabled boats to travel upstream on rivers, thus increasing trade while at the same time improving inter and state transportation.

11. Era of Good Feelings- The Era of Good Feeling generally refers to the period in American history between 1815 and 1825, particularly to the two administrations of President James Monroe (1817–1825). The term originated in an article in the Boston Columbian Centinel published on 12 July 1817.

12. Dartmouth College v. Woodward-Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 518 (1819), was a landmark decision in United States corporate law from the United States Supreme Court dealing with the application of the Contract Clause of the United States Constitution to private corporations.

13. McCulloch v. Maryland-McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 316 (1819), was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland.

14. Gibbons v. Ogden-Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 1 (1824) was a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.

15. Fletcher v. Peck-Fletcher v. Peck, 10 U.S. (6 Cranch) 87 (1810), is a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in which the Supreme Court first ruled a state law unconstitutional. The decision also helped create a growing precedent for the sanctity of legal contracts and hinted that Native Americans did not hold title to their own lands (an idea fully realized in Johnson v. M'Intosh).

16. Compromise of 1820 aka Missouri Compromise-The Missouri Compromise was an effort by Congress to defuse the sectional and political rivalries triggered by the request of Missouri late in 1819 for admission as a state in which slavery would be permitted. At the time, the United States contained twenty-two states, evenly divided between slave and free.

17. election of 1824-The United States presidential election of 1824 was the tenth quadrennial presidential election, held from Tuesday, October 26, to Thursday, December 2, 1824. John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825.

18. American System-Definition of American system. : the policy of promoting industry in the U.S. by adoption of a high protective tariff and of developing internal improvements by the federal government (as advocated by Henry Clay from 1816 to 1828)

19. Whig Party-Whig party definition. An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats. Whigs stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements.

20. Democratic Party-Democratic party definition. One of the two major political parties in the United States; the Democrats. The origins of the Democrats are in the Democratic-Republican party, organized by Thomas Jefferson in the late eighteenth century; the first president elected simply as a Democrat was Andrew Jackson.

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10 =
1. John Q. Adams-

2. Andrew Jackson-

3. spoils system-

4. Henry Clay-

5. nullification-

6. Indian Removal Act-

7. Trail of Tears-

8. Five Civilized Tribes-

9. Indian territory -

10. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia-

11. McCulloch v. Maryland-

12. Second Bank of the United States-

13. Nullification Crisis-

14. John C. Calhoun-

15. Tariff of Abominations-

16. Burned-over District-

17. Lyman Beecher-

18. moral reform movements-

19. The Shakers-

20. Oneida Community-

21. Harmony Community-

22. Joseph Smith-

23. Transcendentalism-

24. Ralph Waldo Emerson-

25. Horace Mann-

26. McGuffey’s Reader