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ARCHIMEDES
Ancient historians tell us that once an old man, over seventy, fought the strongest power in the world-Rome itself. The old man was Archimedes of Syracuse, the greatest scientist of the ancient world. Legends say that Archimedes set up curved mirrors on the walls of Syracuse and the attacking Roman ships caught fire. Archimedes was the first who applied his knowledge of mathematics to practical problems.
Archimedes was born in Syracuse, on the island of Sicily, in 287 B. C. in the family of an astronomer. Since his childhood he enjoyed inventing mechanical devices.
One of Archimedes' early achievements was discovering the explanation for the basic mechanics of the lever. Imagine a shaft balanced on a pivot with the shaft on one side of the pivot ten times longer than on the other. Pushing down the shaft at the long end moves the short at end up only one-tenth the distance. The force pushing the long end down is multiplied ten times in the push of the short end up. Distance is exchanged for force. Therefore, make the lever long enough, push the long end down far enough, and any weight can be lifted at the short end. "Give me a place to stand on, " Archimedes said, "and I can move the Earth".
Once a goldsmith made a gold crown for the king. But the king wondered if the smith had not added silver or copper instead of the gold. He ordered Archimedes to determine if the crown was pure gold without damaging it. Thinking the problem over Archimedes discovered the principle of displacement. From this he deduced the laws of buoyancy and specific gravity. "Archimedes filled a vessel with water, placed the crown in it and measured the volume of the water displaced. Then he did the same thing with an equal weight of pure gold. The volume of displaced water was smaller. The gold in the crown had been mixed with a lighter metal. The smith had been proved dishonest.
The discoveries of Archimedes have become part of mankind's heritage. He showed that it was possible to apply a scientific mind to the problems of everyday life.</a>
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