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Affirmative Informal Commands: drop the -s of the tú form and attach direct object pronoun to the end.
EX Tocas el piano muy bien Tócalo ahora, por favor.

IRREGULAR
dar: da
decir: di
hacer: haz
ir: ve
poner: pon
salir: sal
ser: sé
tener: ten
venir: ven

Negative Informal Commands: For -ar verbs, drop -o of the yo form and add -es.
For -er and -ir verns, drop -o of the yo form and add -as.
PUT THE WORD "NO" IN FRONT OF THE VERB.
Object Pronouns go after the no and before the verb.
EX No hablo inglés. No hables en inglés.
Como pizza de almuerzo. No la comas todos los días.

Irregular informal negative commands:
dar- no des
ir- no vayas
ser- no seas

Car, Gar, Zar: c to qu, g to gu, z to c.

Present tense Conjugations for Dar and Decir
Dar (to give) Decir (to say, to tell)
doy damos digo decimos
das dais dices decís
da dan dice dicen

Saber- to know a fact or information.
Conocer- to know or are familiar with people, places, or things.

Use SER to
1. say where a class or an event takes place
2. describe the characterisitcs of someone or something

Use ESTAR to
1. say what is going on right now
2. say where someone or something is
3. say how someone feels or how food tastes.

PRETERITE
-AR
é amos
aste asteis
ó aron

-ER/-IR
í imos
iste isteis
ió ieron

HACER
hice hicimos
hiciste hicisteis
hizo hicieron

PRETERITE of -car -gar -zar and conocer
-car -gar -zar only changes in the yo form
-car to -que, -gar to -gue, -zar to cé

Conocer
conocí conocimos
conociste conocisteis
conoció conocieron

Anduve Tener Venir Dar Ver
(to walk) (to have) (to come) (to give (to see)
anduve tuve vine di vi
anduviste tuviste viniste diste viste
anduvo tuvo vino dio vio
anduvimos tuvimios vinimos dimos vimos
anduvisteis tuvisteis vinisteis disteis visteis
anduvieron tuvieron vinieron dieron vieron

Formal Commands
Replace -o of the yo form with a -e for -ar verbs and -a for -er/-ir verbs.
Verbs ending -car, -gar, -zar, -ger, and -guir have spelling changes.
-car to que
-gar to gue
-zar to ce
-ger to ja
-guir to ga

IRREGULAR
dar: dé
ser: sea
ir: vaya

ADD -N TO TELL 2 OR MORE PEOPLE

Ponerse Decir
puse dije
pusiste dijiste
puso dijo
pusimos dijimos
pusisteis dijisteis
pusieron dijeron

If an -ir verb has a stem change in its present tense form, it has a stem change in its preterite forms, only for third person forms.
Sentirse
me sentí
te sentiste
se sintió
nos sentimos
os sentisteis
se sintieron

Dormirse
me dormí
te dormiste
se durmió
nos dormimos
os dormisteis
se durmieron

verbs that follow this patter: morirse (to die), preferir, seguir, divertirse (to have fun), pedir, servir, and vestirse

Reírse (to laugh)
me reí
te reíste
se rio
nos reímos
os reísteis
se rieron

SER preterite and IR preterite are exactly the same

Estar
estuvo
estuviste
estuve
estuvimos
estuvisteis
estuvieron

PAST PARTICIPLES (adjectives)
Replace -ar with -ado
Replace -er/-ir with -ido

IRREGULAR
romper- roto
abrir- abierto

WHEN USED AS ADJECTIVES, participles must agree with nouns in number and gender!

-er and -ir verbs that have a stem that ends in a vowel, the i of 3rd person preterite endings changes to y: ió to yó and ieron to yeron.
Caerse
caí
caíste
cayó
caímos
caísteis
cayeron

Preterite of Poder and Traer
PODER (to be able, can) TRAER (to bring)
pude traje
pudiste trajiste
pudo trajo
pudimos trajimos
pudisteis trajisteis
pudieron trajeron

POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES
mi tu su nuestro vuestro

POSSESIVE PRONOUNS
el míos la mía
el tuyo la tuya
el suyo la suya
el nuestro la nuestra
el vuestro la vuestra
el suyo la suya

NEGATIVES
nunca- never
nadie- nobody
nada- nothing
ningún- no ___
ninguno/ ninguna- none (stands alone)

TIME EXPRESSION
to talk about an even that began in the past and is still going on, use this formula
HACE + time expression + QUE + a verb in the present tense

PERO AND SINO
Pero= but, as in however
Sino= but, as in rather <---- often used "No sólo..., sino tembién..."






     
 
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