Notes

Squalene enhances antigen presentation and induction of inflammatory response
Moreover, alkylglycerols and squalene have antitumour activity, that is possibly based on different mechanisms, ie., induction of apoptosis of neoplastic cells, suppression of signal transduction, inhibition of angiogenesis and promoting of transmembrane transport of cytotoxic agents. Shark liver oil has been found to be useful in treatment of conditions resulted from inadequate immune response, and in adjunctive treatment of several types of cancer.[Activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils by contact with collagen I and The contact of polymorphonuclear neutrophils with type I collagen molecules triggers the production of oxygen free radicals by these cells. This activation requires two short collagenic sequences and seems to involve a beta 2 integrin on the neutrophil membrane. Oxygen free radicals are capable to degrade collagen molecules into small peptides.

This interaction takes place in inflammatory Studies on the biosynthesis of cholesterol. 6. Coenzyme requirements of liver enzymes for synthesis of squalene and of sterol from DL-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-[2-14C] pentano-5-lactone.POPJAK G, GOSSELIN L, GORE IY, GOULD RG.[Biosynthesis of triterpenoid compounds].Chemopreventive effect of squalene on colon cancer.Epidemiologic and laboratory studies suggest a cancer protective effect and/or lack of a tumor promoting effect by dietary olive oil as compared with other types of non-marine oils.

Squalene, a constituent of olive oil, and a key intermediate in cholesterol synthesis may be regarded as partially responsible for the beneficial effects of olive oil, which include decreased mortality rates among populations with high olive oil consumption. Thus, in this study we have assessed the chemopreventive efficacy of squalene on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF). In addition, we measured the effect of squalene on serum cholesterol levels in the rats. Male F34 rats (5 weeks old) were fed the control diet (modified AIN-76A) or experimental diets containing 1% squalene or 320 p.p.m. sulindac.


Two weeks later, all animals except those in vehicle (normal saline)-treated groups were s.c. injected with AOM (15 mg/kg body wt, once weekly for 2 weeks). At 16 weeks of age, all rats were killed, colons were evaluated for ACF and serum was assayed for the cholesterol levels. As expected, dietary administration of sulindac suppressed ACF development and reduced crypt multiplicity, i.e. number of aberrant crypts/focus.

Administration of dietary squalene inhibited total ACF induction and crypt multiplicity by approximately >46% (P < 001). Further, Grab it today at a level of 1% did not show any significant effect on serum cholesterol levels. Our finding that squalene significantly suppresses colonic ACF formation and crypt multiplicity strengthens the hypothesis that squalene possesses chemopreventive activity Acid-catalyzed cyclization of squalene oxide.Self-assembly of squalene-based nucleolipids: relating the chemical structure of the bioconjugates to the architecture of the nanoparticles.Lepêtre-Mouelhi S, Desmaële D, Couvreur P.Paris-Sud , 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.Squalene-based nucleolipids, including anticancer or antiviral prodrugs, gave rise to nanoparticles displaying a diversity of structures upon nanoprecipitation in water.

Synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering and cryo-TEM imaging revealed that both the nature of the nucleoside and the position of the squalene moiety relative to the nucleobase determined the self-assembly of the corresponding bioconjugates. collagen supplementation was found that small chemical differences resulted in major differences in the self-organization of nucleolipids when squalene was grafted onto the nucleobase whereas only lamellar phases were observed when squalene was linked to the sugar moiety. The key role of hydrogen bonds between nucleobases in the formation of the lamellar phases was suggested, in agreement with molecular simulations. These findings provide a way to fine tune the supramolecular organization of squalene-based prodrugs, with the aim of improving their pharmacological activity.Squalenoyl nanomedicines as potential therapeutics.Lepêtre-Mouelhi S, Rocco F, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Clayette P, Rosilio V, Marsaud Nucleoside analogues display significant anticancer or antiviral activity by interfering with DNA synthesis. However, there are some serious restrictions to their use, including their rapid metabolism and the induction of resistance.

We have discovered that the linkage of nucleoside analogues to squalene leads to amphiphilic molecules that self-organize in water as nanoassemblies of 100-300 nm, irrespective of the nucleoside analogue used. The squalenoyl gemcitabine exhibited superior anticancer activity in vitro in human cancer cells and gemcitabine-resistant murine leukemia cells, and in vivo in experimental leukemia both after intravenous and oral administration. The squalenoylation of other antiretroviral nucleosides also led to more potent drugs when tested in primary cultures of HIV-infected lymphocytes.

Read More: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen