Notes

How Much Do You Know About The US States That Border Canada.
In the last few years, as digitization has gradually moved from an experimental and temporal activity towards one that is structural and continuous, mass digitization projects have been gaining ground.1 Almost simultaneously with the 'coming-of-age' of digitization, an increasing number of large-scale newspaper digitization projects (Austria, Australia, Belgium, Finland, Chili, Sweden, New Zealand, USA) have emerged.2 Because newspapers appeal to a large audience and in many cases remain inaccessible to a large degree, it is no surprise that many institutions decide to digitize their newspaper collections first. In reality OCR did not come into its own as a realistic technology until the 1950s when the US Department of Defense created GISMO, a device that could read Morse Code as well as words on a printed page, one character at a time (it only recognized 23 characters). Having this data allows us not simply to assess how well text capture processes are performing but to improve them. The quality of the machine-readable text of a newspaper page can be improved if individual text blocks are identified as such before the OCR is done. 오피사이트 The quality of OCR largely depends on the condition of the original newspaper. The test method was for 45 representative greyscale pages to be converted from greyscale to bi-tonal (binarised) and then image-optimised for OCR. The archive is accessible over the Internet via a subscription service, though access is free to UK Higher Education institutions through an agreement with JISC, which funded the digitization.

We assume that the deviation in results due to re-keying errors is unlikely to ever exceed 1-2% anywhere in the study, with deviations having the greatest impact at accuracy rates over 98% (something never seen in the newspaper archive). This lets us add any arbitrary field in a Solr doc without having to define it first in a schema file. Having this data allows us to develop a fine-grained assessment of OCR performance that is relevant to the intellectual goals and user experience objectives of the BL newspaper program. In newspaper projects, exploring better ways to model the data for related titles is also a good project to pursue, for example ensuring a consistent user experience for people reading papers that have morning, midday, and evening editions. However, there was not consensus on whether these percentages referred to character or word confidences, and whether this was at page or article level, and many people were still confused about what accuracy/confidence meant and how it was calculated. We repeated the tests again on different pages six months later with the same contractor but the results were the same. It was then implemented in the Beta search system (without moderation), which had a soft release to the public without any publicity on 25 July 2008. In the first three months of use (July - October 2008) the public immediately began correcting OCR. The IBM 1975 Optical Page Reader for reading typed earnings reports at the Social Security Administration cost over three million dollars. One respondent, a specialist in 'zoning' and 'segmentation' technology, distinguishes between three sequential phases: zoning, OCR and segmentation. These offshore production units are often involved in the digitization of microfilm, OCR enhancement (manual correction of automatically generated texts), rekeying and segmentation (identifying individual articles on newspaper pages and classifying the articles into genres such as news items, editorials, family announcements, advertisements, etc.).

In order to make the newspaper pages searchable, the digital images of the pages must be transformed into machine-readable texts. More time and research on the use of two dictionaries is desirable, because there were a lot of unknowns for us in the test process. The Library later learned that the results mirrored those obtained from the National Library of New Zealand9 performed at a similar time, also on a small sample, with the same software. The indexing server, which is also used for other digital library collections, utilizes 10Gb of memory and eight cores. The second image optimisation is done by Library-developed in-house software on the greyscale file for delivery to the public as the reading image. The page level content still allows the user to search the full text of the newspaper; they are taken to the page where the search terms are located rather than the individual article. The Levenshtein Edit Distance algorithm measures the distance between two sequences or strings in terms of the number of deletions, insertions, or substitutions required to transform one string into another. XML text and one from the double-entry text, to find the number of different characters between the two strings. The greater the distance, the more different the strings are. Or they are recording character confidence and calling it accuracy, which it is not. To prepare for this immense digitization effort, in May 2007 the DDD project performed market research to collect information from over a dozen companies on the current state-of-art in the field of newspaper digitization.3 Focal points in this survey of current practices included: digital imaging technology, OCR, zoning and segmentation, metadata extraction, searchability and web delivery systems.

After seeing the significant gains in systems architecture, staffing needs, and the ability of UDN to be more responsive to patron feature development, the only regret about migrating away from a vendor-based solution is that we didn’t pursue it sooner. The performance of the server(s) can be one of the bottlenecks of newspaper delivery systems. Accuracy rates, on either word or character level, should not be considered as watertight performance indicators for OCR software. The transition to using virtual machines and cloud-based architecture as opposed to a dedicated server with a large amount of memory has also freed up resources that can be better spent elsewhere in service of the digital library program at the J. Willard Marriott Library. To reduce the amount of indexing and duplication of data, Solr is used as the primary data store for UDN. American golfer Sam Snead once said, 'Practice puts brains in your muscles.' With the digitization of 8 million pages in store for the DDD project, we are bound to collect a lot of brainpower. The average capacity per month is estimated at a maximum of 120,000 pages in greyscale from paper originals, against one million pages in greyscale from microfilm. The content of each segment was manually double re-keyed to deliver exactly 100 words from each selection. 6. ALTO (Analyzed Layout and Text Object) is a standardized XML format used for storing layout and content information of complex digital objects like newspapers. The initial results after automated segmentation are largely determined by the level of irregularity in the layout.

Figure 7: A command to print out inconsistent dates in title and date fields. The KB received 14 survey responses, and the respondents ranged in size from small private businesses (annual turnover approximately 250,000 Euros) to large multinational companies (annual turnover approximately 1,200,000,000 Euros). Almost all of the surveyed companies have extensive experience with digitizing from microfilm. Scanning from microfilm is cheaper than scanning from paper because the processing speed is much higher. Segmenting a newspaper at article-level can be time consuming; the processing speed is estimated by one respondent at approximately 100 pages per hour. Other factors that may determine the processing speed are whether the source materials are scanned in colour or greyscale and whether or not the newspapers may be removed from their binders prior to digitization. In the world of injection-molded soft plastic footwear, there are now also loads of shapes, so to revisit jellies, you don't have to pick the same styles of your youth. The top text corrector has corrected 50,000 lines of text within nearly 2,000 individual articles. Finally, the two word lists were synchronized to a convenient format for the comparison tool.

This is very likely to be a misleading figure, as it is normally based upon the OCR engine attempting to convert a perfect laser-printed text of the modernity and quality of, for instance, the printed version of this document. These PDFs embed different quality levels within a single file, e.g. one image optimized for the plain text and delivered as a bitonal image, and another image for the illustrations on the page, delivered in greyscale. In the 'zoning' phase the page is analyzed in order to identify all elements on a page, such as horizontal and vertical lines, text blocks and illustrations. The goal was to find the highest OCR accuracy rate, not the lowest, on each page, as this represents the best possible accuracy for that material. Complete runs were included wherever possible and titles were selected to enable the comparative treatment of events in the national (London-based), specialist, and regional press. Ford Motor Company. "Dinosaur Fossil is One-of-a-kind Model from Ford." Press release. A confusion matrix would model these errors in order to be able to correct them and improve OCR. The confusion matrix applied with a language model has the potential to increase OCR accuracy, though not to make it perfect. These observations of unigrams, bigrams (pairs of characters) and trigrams and what they get translated as form the basis of the confusion matrix. It contains the original collection alias and CONTENTdm record number, which gets extracted from old CONTENTdm reference urls by NGINX and translated to Solphal's details page handler. Thus the word 'the' would be translated as 'tlie' instead of 'the'.

This may be due to such words being generally longer or not in dictionaries, which thus provides more statistical opportunity for error. This makes reading and accurate text retrieval difficult, even more so if the incorrect characters are not whole words but characters within many words. XML headers and tags were removed from the XML files, and entity tags such as "'" (for apostrophe) were replaced with their corresponding characters, resulting in a list of words, one word per line. 오피사이트 When we look at the number of words that are incorrect, rather than the number of characters, the suppliers' accuracy statistics seem a lot less impressive. The comparison tool then provided accuracy statistics upon: characters, words, significant words, significant words with a capital letter start and number groups. Our hope is that by making TH available as part of GHC, people will start to use it for purposes we haven't even dreamt of. To the best of our knowledge, no other library or newspaper service worldwide had implemented user correction of text, or even considered doing so as an option. This next stage, the creation of machine-readable text, may involve various capture processes (such as re-keying) but, for large-scale digitization projects, OCR technology is often used. The accuracy specified for the re-keying was at least 99.98% accurate (1 error in 5,000 characters), although it is worth mentioning that no re-keying errors were found in this study (suggesting 100% accuracy). Depending on the number of "significant words" rendered correctly, the search results could still be almost 100% or near zero with 90% character accuracy.
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