Notes

pharaphraes:From 2000 to 2010, an investigation based on panel data methods focused on the impact of forest certification uptake and recycled paper usage on paper and paperboard imports in Germany and the United States. Using a conventional Armington trade model, the study revealed contrasting effects of the two primary forest certification schemes, PEFC and FSC, across markets. Notably, in Germany, PEFC was associated with a negative correlation to imports, while in the United States, imports were more favorable from PEFC-dominated countries. Additionally, irrespective of the importing country, the recycled paper utilization rate exhibited a negative interaction with imports.

Furthermore, the study identified price and income elasticities of demand falling within ranges established by other authors. For Germany, the long-term relative price elasticity of total import demand ranged from –0.70 to –0.78, and for the United States, it ranged from –0.78 to –0.89. The elasticity of demand for economic activity was also comparatively smaller for Germany (between 0.74 and 0.87) than for the United States (between 0.87 and 0.97).
quote:On the basis of data from 2000 to 2010, we investigated the separate effects of the uptake of forest certification and the usage of recycled paper on imports of paper and paperboard into Germany and the United States. Using panel data methods and based on a conventional Armington trade model, we find that the effects of two main forest certification schemes—the Programme for Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) and the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)—differ between markets. In Germany, the PEFC was negatively related to imports. In the United States, imports were preferred from PEFC-dominated countries. The recycled paper utilization rate interacted negatively with imports, irrespective of import country. We also found that price and income elasticities of demand for both countries were within ranges found by other authors: the long-term relative price elasticity of total import demand ranged from –0.70 to –0.78 for Germany and from –0.78 to –0.89 for the United States. The elasticity of demand for economic activity was also smaller (between 0.74 and 0.87) for Germany than for the United States (between 0.87 and 0.97) make a pharapharse version of this
Summarize:Between 2000 and 2010, a study examined the impact of forest certification uptake and recycled paper usage on paper and paperboard imports in Germany and the United States. Utilizing panel data methods and a conventional Armington trade model, the findings highlighted distinct effects of the two main forest certification schemes, PEFC and FSC, in each market. In Germany, PEFC showed a negative correlation with imports, while in the United States, imports were preferred from PEFC-dominated countries. The recycled paper utilization rate exhibited a consistent negative interaction with imports, irrespective of the importing country. Notably, the study identified price and income elasticities of demand falling within ranges established by other authors. For Germany, the long-term relative price elasticity of total import demand ranged from –0.70 to –0.78, and for the United States, it ranged from –0.78 to –0.89. Moreover, the elasticity of demand for economic activity was smaller for Germany (between 0.74 and 0.87) compared to the United States (between 0.87 and 0.97).