Notes

While It Forms A Solid Foundation
Among the bottom half of stations in terms of budget size, only 22 percent of the total budget on average was dedicated to the production of news and public affairs. Among these stations, the median yearly attendance was 500 people with only a sixth of these stations saying they had hosted 5,000 or more people. Of those that did, the median was 5,000 recipients with a mere twentieth reporting 50,000 or more recipients. 오피 The median number of small donors per year, as reported by respondents, was 5,000. Less than 10 percent of the respondents reported that their station had 50,000 or more donors per year. Adding that amount to the current median annual news budget ($1,725,000) would raise the amount to roughly $3 million. They are sewn, boned, and lined before adding the final touch of matching ribbon. In part because they are more likely to be located in lower-income areas, stations in this audience range in weak news environments have news staff half the average size (10 staff versus 21 staff) of stations in the same audience range in strong news environments. My Mom Canceled Christmas And Invented A New Holiday. Less affluent rural areas have been the locations hardest hit by the decline of local newspapers31Kristen Purcell, Lee Rainie, Amy Mitchell, Tom Rosenstiel, and Kenneth Olmstead, “How people use the news and feel about the news,” Pew Research Center.

31. Kristen Purcell, Lee Rainie, Amy Mitchell, Tom Rosenstiel, and Kenneth Olmstead, “How people use the news and feel about the news,” Pew Research Center. Elizabeth Grieco, “Americans’ main sources for political news vary by party and age,” Pew Research Center, April 2020, https://www. 56. Grieco, “Americans’ main sources for political news vary by party and age.”. Carrying NPR’s national agenda into local programming is fruitful in some locations but not others, particularly those that are rural and conservative.56Grieco, “Americans’ main sources for political news vary by party and age.” Public radio’s mandate to educate as well as inform can also distance stations from their community’s concerns. MR.pdf. But local stations cannot meet a community’s information needs-or expand their audience-without taking the community’s interests and values more fully into account. The desire on the part of our newsrooms is strong.” Some stations are so concerned by their community’s information deficit that they have stretched their thin budgets to help offset it. MR.pdf. and they should be made aware of the harm resulting from its news deficit. Realistically, if local public radio stations are to substantially fill the gap in communities’ information needs resulting from the decline of the newspaper, the necessary funding would have to come in large measure from sources outside their communities and be raised by an entity or entities other than themselves. The proportion was also significantly lower in areas with large minority-group populations.34When compared with other public radio stations, the gap is membership contributions as a percentage of the station’s budget was on average -9 percent for stations in minority-majority areas.

Then, as in Ukraine today, Russia falsely claimed to be protecting Russian citizens from genocide. Our support for Ukraine and @ZelenskyyUa is unwavering. Nevertheless, they might be persuaded to support an appropriation for stations in weak news environments, which are disproportionately rural and Republican. As we noted earlier, even with a generous definition of what constitutes news staff, 38 percent of stations have a newsroom of 5 people or less, and 60 percent have one of 10 people or less. Q31. On an average weekday, roughly how many hours of your over-the-air news/ public affairs programming is locally produced, as opposed to being produced by NPR, PRI, APM, BBC or other such source? (Include repeated local content in total number of daily hours. However, in terms of covering portions of NPR’s Morning Edition, All Things Considered, or other such national programs with lengthy local news inserts, only a third (31 percent) of respondents indicated that their station did so. When a lower standard is applied-whether respondents claimed their station was “a leading” or “the leading” outlet in both news coverage and audience size-half (51 percent) of the local stations met the standard. There are also communities where there often isn't as much of an alternative in terms of a local television station or a local digital news outlet that's covering the area.

They are also committed to expanding their efforts.36As indicated earlier, our survey found that roughly seven of eight public radio stations would be interested in substantially expanding their coverage and reach if the necessary funding was provided. Among the stations represented in our survey, the average overall budget as reported by respondents was $5,300,000, although some had annual budgets exceeding $20 million. Half of the respondents (49 percent) thought it “very likely” that local major private gifts could be a source of substantial new funding. When examined as a percentage of the stations’ overall budgets, as reported by our respondents, the percentage was lower for stations in rural areas, stations in low-income areas, and stations in mostly Republican areas.33When compared with other public radio stations, the gap in membership contributions as a percentage of the station’s budget was on average -6 percent for stations in low-income areas, -5 percent in rural areas, and -8 percent in mostly Republican areas. In sum, with additional funding, public radio has the capacity to fill much of the gap in local news created by the decline of the newspaper. This report has focused on the capacity of local public radio stations to help meet the information needs created by the decline of local newspapers.

1. Do local public radio stations have the capacity to provide reasonably comprehensive news coverage of the communities they serve? NPR’s digital search analyst Christine Macholan notes that increases in traffic are being driven primarily by “people searching for particular topics and getting to stations’ articles that are on their website.”48Quoted in Tyler Falk, “Study find NPR station websites grew audience with coverage of local midterms,” Current, June 23, 2019, https://current. You have to tell them the depth of information you need. A few public radio stations have developed impressive multi-platform newsrooms with a substantial range of broadcast and digital content,49Shapiro, Fuerst, and Porter, “The Growing Strength of Public Media Local Journalism.” but even they have faced challenges in responding to digital transformation. 22. The largest number in this category were operations directors in charge of the business side of their station. Local stations have demonstrated that they can do a lot with limited resources. Most of them have struggled to gain an audience but partnerships with them would leverage the comparative advantage of each outlet - the station’s brand, audience, and content and the digital outlet’s technical expertise. BENTON: I think it is very difficult to manage the transition from a print daily to an effective digital news outlet. Those expenses come first, with funding for news operations coming out of what remains. Such costs necessarily come first. Nickel-Cadmium (NiCad) batteries were the first type of battery commonly used in laptop computers, and older laptops sometimes still use them. In general, the survey indicates that the decline in local news is most acute on topics where news outlets were not all that strong in the first place.

Democracy is imperiled when local news dies. Only about one in five cited market competitors - “other news outlets” or “radio talk show outlets”-as “a significant obstacle.” That assessment underestimates the competitive threat to public radio posed by talk shows29Over the past decade or so, for example, public radio has lost listeners to digital competitors and has lost most of its Republican listeners to conservative media such that, today, Democrats outnumber Republicans by 7 to 1 in public radio’s audience. In the 13-hour period from 6 am to 7 pm on weekdays, only about 2 hours of locally produced news programming were carried on the average station, some of it in the form of talk shows and some of it as repeat programming. Their news staff, for example, was only half the size on average. A broader look at the challenge facing stations in “hard places” is gained by looking at stations’ funding models. Local stations’ comparative advantage in the competition for audience attention is the local news and public affairs programming they produce.59Any strategy that local public radio stations pursue that weakens their comparative advantage is risky.

The responses varied widely, as can be seen in Figure 5. One in eight indicated a 25 percent increase would be needed while three in eight said that a 50-75 percent increase would be required. Stations in areas with weak news environments were also more likely to be in locations that are predominantly Republican (see Figure 6). Whereas stations in a strong news environment are as likely to operate in a mostly Democratic area as in a mostly Republican area, stations in a weak news environment are nearly three times more likely to operate in a Republican area than a Democratic one. An explanation for this finding will be discussed later in the context of what can be called “hard places”-the communities where local public radio stations have had the most difficulty establishing their station as a substantial source of local news. That is, in communities with weak competitors, the local public radio station could be expected to be a more significant outlet than in communities with strong competitors. A fourth (23 percent) reported frequent joint reporting with another public radio station in their general area while another fourth (26 percent) reported doing so through a regional consortium of public radio journalists. Hodgman's PC was the boring, all-business machine, while Long's Mac was the more fun and creative computer.
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