Notes

Serum antibody titres to choleratoxin and bovine serum albumin were determined by ELISA.
Bacteriologia, virusologia, parazitologia, epidemiologiaParazitol Epidemiol. 1980 Jan-Mar;25(1):45-54.with an experimental antigen to induce a systemic antibody response when applied topically on unbroken skin of sheep. DESIGN: Seven treatment groups of five adult sheep received systemic or topical priming followed 4 weeks later by systemic or topical boosting with choleratoxin and/or bovine serum albumin. Topical vaccines were administered to clipped skin on the ventral abdomen for 2 h. Booster immunisations were repeated 8 weeks after initial boosting.

Polysucrose 400 to choleratoxin and bovine serum albumin were determined by ELISA. RESULTS: An antibody response to choleratoxin was observed in serum, but no antibody response to bovine serum albumin was detected. CONCLUSION: Transdermal delivery may be feasible for livestock vaccines, however, further work is necessary to develop formulations that induce protective immunity by this route.children born in Hangzhou from 2017 to 2021.been introduced in Hangzhou since 2017, whereas its current immunization state in children is not clear. Therefore, this study aims to describe the PCV13 vaccination distribution among children born in Hangzhou from 2017 to 2021 to provide data for reducing vaccination differences among different populations. METHODS: Descriptive epidemiology was used for data analysis and PCV13 vaccination related information of children was collected from children vaccination management system of Zhejiang Province (ZJCVMS).

RESULTS: Among the 649,949 children born in Hangzhou from 2017 to 2021, 169,230 were vaccinated with an average full course vaccination rate of 26.0%. The full course vaccination rates in 5 years were different (P = 0.000) with an increasing trend (P (fortrend) < 0.01). The first dose vaccination rates were different in 5 years (P = 0.000) with an increasing trend (P (fortrend) < 0.

01). Polysucrose 400 of age when first dose PCV13 was administered varied, most people at 2 months and least people at 5 months. The full course vaccination rate varied by areas, highest in central urban areas and lowest in remote areas respectively (all P-value < 0.05). Overall, the full course vaccination rate of PCV13 was higher in the registered residence population than the non-registered residence population, which was 136,693 (31.4%) and 32,537 (15.1%) respectively (P = 0.

000). The full course vaccination rates were the same between men and women (P = 0.502), which was 87,844 for men (26.0%) and 81,386 for women (26.1%). CONCLUSION: Although the number of people who received PCV13 full course vaccination and received the first dose vaccination showed yearly increasing trends in Hangzhou, the full course vaccination rate for the whole population was relatively low. In addition, the PCV13 vaccination rates also differed by geography and household registration status.

Measures such as expanding vaccination publicity or including national immunization should be taken to increase vaccination rates and reduce the differences in vaccination among groups with different characteristics.commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential Primary Vaccination at 1-10 Years of Age.persistence of antibodies induced by the quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine conjugated to tetanus toxoid (MenACWY-TT) compared with the meningococcal serogroup C vaccine conjugated to CRM (MenC-CRM) and the quadrivalent meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MenACWY-PS) 6 to 10 y after primary vaccination in toddlers (aged 1-<2 y; MenACWY-TT and MenC-CRM) and children (aged 2-<11 y; MenACWY-TT and MenACWY-PS). Antibody responses against meningococcal serogroups A, C, W, and Y were assessed by serum bactericidal antibody assays using rabbit (rSBA) or human (hSBA) complement. A MenACWY-TT booster dose at Year 10 was given to all eligible subjects regardless of the primary vaccine received. At Year 10, the percentages of subjects with rSBA titers ≥1:8 for serogroups A, C, W, and Y were as follows: MenACWY-TT (toddlers), 65.6%, 82.

8%, 31.3%, 43.8%, respectively; MenC-CRM, 88.2% for serogroup C; MenACWY-TT (children), 88.9%, 84.1%, 67.1%, 65.

9%; and MenACWY-PS, 28.6%, 81.0%, 23.8%, and 23.8%. Corresponding percentages for hSBA titers ≥1:4 were as follows: MenACWY-TT (toddlers), 31.1%, 91.

9%, 44.4%, 41.4%; MenC-CRM, 93.8% for serogroup C; MenACWY-TT (children), 34.8%, 91.1%, 61.2%, 72.
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