Notes

However, it was anticipated that the refractive index will differ when applying a two-photon polymerization (TPP) process
In this Letter, we demonstrate that this is indeed the case. Making Seebio Photosensitive Acid Generator of a guided mode coupling approach, we measure the dispersive real part of the refractive index (n) of a commercial photoresist (IP-Dip, Nanoscribe) at very high accuracy. Additionally, the imaginary part of the refractive index (k) is determined from absorption measurements for wavelengths in the range 300 to 1700 nm. TPP layers exhibit a significantly lower refractive index than their UV exposed bulk counterparts (Δn up to 01). Furthermore, when fabricating a TPP shell and UV exposing the interior, the refractive index of the shell will not change. This is an important consideration for optical component design and opens the possibility for low refractive index difference wave guiding.

Hybrid lithography: combining UV-exposure and two photon direct laser writing.Eschenbaum C, Großmann D, Dopf K, Kettlitz S, Bocksrocker T, Valouch S, Lemmer We demonstrate a method for the combination of UV-lithography and direct laser writing using two-photon polymerization (2PP-DLW). First a dye doped photoresist is used for UV-lithography. Adding an undoped photoresist on top of the developed structures enables three-dimensional alignment of the 2PP-DLW structures by detecting the spatially varying fluorescence of the two photoresists. Using this approach we show three dimensional alignment by adding 3D structures made by 2PP-DLW to a previously UV-exposed structure. Furthermore, a fluidic system with an integrated total internal reflection mirror to observe particles in a microfluidic channel is demonstrated.Photopatterning with a printed transparency mask and a protein-friendly University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea.

Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea.University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, South Korea; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Microscope projection photolithography (MPP) based on a protein-friendly photoresist is a versatile tool for the fabrication of protein- and cell-micropatterned surfaces. Photomasks containing various features can be economically produced by printing features on transparency films. Features in photomasks are projected by the objective lens of a microscope, resulting in a significant reduction of the feature size to as small as ~1 μm, close to the practical limit of light-based microfabrication. A fluorescence microscope used in most biology labs can be used for the fabrication process with some modifications. Using such a microscope, multistep MPP can be readily performed with precise registration of each micropattern on transparency film masks. Here, we describe methods of the synthesis and characterization of a protein-friendly photoresist poly(2,2-dimethoxy nitrobenzyl methacrylate-r-methyl methacrylate-r-poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) and the setups of fluorescence microscopes and the MPP procedures.

In addition, we describe the protocols used in the micropatterning of multiple lymphocytes and the dynamic Fabrication of a Microfluidic Cell Culture Device Using Photolithographic and (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.Photolithography and soft lithography are two common methods for fabrication of microfluidic cell culture devices. Well-defined microstructures are created by exposing a photoresist to UV-light under a photolithographic mask in which the intended patterns are transparent. The subsequent cross-linking of UV-exposed photoresist generates a reusable master that serves as a template for an elastomer, commonly polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), that reciprocally recaptures the structures of the master in an optically clear and oxygen-permeable rubber-like material. Connections to the cell culture-containing channels of the device for perfusion of culture medium can be established by inserting tubing through the elastomer. In this protocol, the basic steps for making a standard microfluidic device for cell-based assays from photolithography and soft Tibolone is not converted by human aromatase to 7alpha-methyl-17alpha-ethynylestradiol (7alpha-MEE): analyses with sensitive bioassays for estrogens and androgens and with LC-MSMS.To exclude that aromatization plays a role in the estrogenic activity of tibolone, we studied the effect tibolone and metabolites on the aromatization of androstenedione and the aromatization of tibolone and its metabolites to 7alpha-methyl-17alpha-ethynylestradiol (7alpha-MEE) by human recombinant aromatase.

Testosterone (T), 17alpha-methyltestosterone (MT), 19-nortestosterone (Nan), 7alpha-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENT) and norethisterone (NET) were used as reference compounds. Sensitive in vitro bioassays with steroid receptors were used to monitor the generation of product and the reduction of substrate. LC-MSMS without derivatization was used for structural confirmation. A 10 times excess of tibolone and its metabolites did not inhibit the conversion of androstenedione to estrone by human recombinant aromatase as determined by estradiol receptor assay whereas T, MT, Nan, and MENT inhibited the conversion for 75, 53, 85 and 67%, respectively.
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