Notes

Procedure: To begin the filtering process, we start by cutting a square-shaped filter paper which we then fold twice to form four pieces. We proceed to cut it in a convex shape and make it into a cone shape. We then place this cone-shaped piece inside another cone and move the cone onto a beaker. Before the filtration process, we wet the filter paper with solvent. We then slowly pour the mixture onto the filter paper and filter it on the beaker. To perform the centrifuge process, we begin by transferring the mixture into a centrifuge tube. Next, we insert the tube into the centrifuge machine, ensuring that another centrifuge tube, filled with water in the same volume as the mixture, is placed on the opposite side. Finally, we start the machine, allowing it to run until the separation process is complete. To perform the decantation and sedimentation processes, we start by placing the mixture in a test tube and letting it settle for some time. During this process, some solid particles settle to the bottom of the container, which we refer to as sedimentation. Afterward, we pour the remaining liquid slowly into another test tube and separate the substance on the top. And we call that decantation.


Purpose:
The aim here is to separate solid-liquid mixtures most efficiently. Here, we performed the separation of various heterogeneous mixtures using several experimental setups. We used 5 types of separation methods here; crystallization, filtration, decantation, centrifugation, and sedimentation. The most efficient method for separating small pieces is centrifugation.

Chemicals and other materials:
FeCl3, Cu(SO4)2, Pb, HCl, NH4, Bearker, Funnel, Filter Paper, Test tubes, Pipettes, Burettes, Droppers, Centrifugation machine, Laboratory Coat, special gloves and glasses for the lab.

Theory:
Various experimental setups are prepared for the separation of heterogeneous mixtures. In the prepared experimental setups; Filtration, centrifugation, decantation, sedimentation, and crystallization processes are performed. These processes are used to separate liquid-solid mixtures. The most efficient of these methods for separating small parts is centrifuge. The best separation methods, in order, are centrifugation, filtration, sedimentation, and decantation.

Observe:
There are various methods available to separate heterogeneous mixtures. However, the efficiency of these methods can vary. In this experiment, it is evident that centrifugation is the most effective method. Nonetheless, the best method to use may depend on the specific situation.

Results:
Solution Equations
FeCl3 + 3NH3 + 3H2o ----> Fe(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl
(Dark Red, Brown)
Pb + HCl ----> PbCl2 + H2
Cu2+ + 3NH3 + 3H2O ---> Cu(OH)2 + NH4+ ---> Cu(NH3)4(OH)2
+NH3
The most Efficient ways to separate heterogeneous mixtures
1- Centrifugal
2- Filtration
3- Sedimentation
4- Decantation