Notes

Ecosystems: community of interacting, plants, animals, and their surrounding's

the two types' of ecosystems
-terrestrial [land] and aquatic [water based]

-terrestrial habitat forest and grasslands

aquatic habitat, lakes, rivers, estuaries and oceans

factors that impact ecosystems
temperature, precipitation, and geography

biodiversity: the diversity of life on earth or an ecosystems

when an ecosystem is unbalanced it is harder for animals to find food and shelter and plants to get the nutrients they need to grow

why ecosystems are important to us:

because a healthy ecosystem keep our air and water clean and provide nutritious food for us and animals

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The four major spheres of earth: geosphere[ground], biosphere[life], atmosphere[air] and hydrosphere[water]

geosphere: rocks, minerals, ground, inner core, outer core and crust and the mantel

biosphere: zone of life, it can be anywhere air, land and water

atmosphere: lair of gasses surrounding earth. Atmosphere composes of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide and other small gasses,
these gasses are held in place by the pull of gravity

hydrosphere: rivers, lakes, streams, oceans, ice caps, glaciers, and even moisture in the air

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What are Abiotic and Biotic Factors:

Biotic: is living things such as, trees, animals, bacteria, fungi and plants.

Abiotic: non living things such as the, sun, temperature, water, atmosphere gases and soil.

A interaction between abiotic and biotic is plants, the sun gives nutrients to the tree, or clouds give rain to help trees grow.

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climate change.

cause's and effects of climate change.

The green house effect: gases in the atmosphere trap a little heat from the sun, more gases more heat gets trapped melting ice in the artic.

climate change has consequences to our, oceans, weather, food and health

smog contains ozone particles, exposure to high levels of smog can cause heath problems like asthma, heart disease and lung cancer

What happens when the earth gets 1c warmer: animals that are crucial to forest could die and unbalance the ecosystem causing an extinction.


what is permafrost: permafrost is a layer in the ground that stays frozen throught the year

Permafrost what happens If it melts: when permafrost melts it can move the ground causing roads to need maintenance.

wildfires: when temperatures rise then there is less condensation causing forests to be more dry increasing the chance of forest fires

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FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS

Producer (Autotroph): plants, get energy though the sun and make their food through the prosses of photosynthesis.
Plants are the base of the food chain.

Consumers (Heterotroph): animals and fungi is unable to produce its own food, so it must eat plants or animals

The 5 types of consumers are, herbivore(only eat plants), carnivore(only eat meat), omnivore(eats plants and animals), scavenger(carnivore that eats dead meat), consumers(eats dead thing and returns nutrients to earth.

organisms require a constant constant source of energy to survive (ultimate source is the sun)

The bottom of the food chain has both the most biomass and energy.

higher you go in the food chain the energy levels decrease by 10%.

Kcal is a measurement in energy.

primary consumers are the ones that eat only autotrophs (herbivores)

all the energy comes from the sun

tertiary consumers are the apex predators

what items are not on the list, the decomposers (their job is to break down any biomass once it dies)

each link in the food chain is called a trophic level
first level producers (plants)
second level feeds on producers, they are primary consumers
third level feeds on primary consumers they are secondary consumers carnivores and omnivores
fourth feed on secondary consumers, they are tertiary consumers (often apex predators)


Constructing a food chain:

berries, producers chipmunk, primary consumer racoon, secondary consumer wolf top consumer
1 trophic level 2 trophic level 3 trophic level 4 trophic level





pros and cons of a food chain

pro cons

- good at representing - multiple producers and herbivores?
simple relationships
- herbivores that eat multiple producers?

- omnivores (animals eating both plants and animals)?

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food web

A food web is made up of many different intersecting food chains.



differences between food chain and a food web
food chain: neutral food web:
-A specific pathway by which -allow for the flow of energy through -A network of interacting
materials and energy moves organisms. food chains operating
through an in an ecosystem.
ecosystem. - allow for the flow of matter through
organisms. -it includes more
organisms in a ecosystems
- producers capture some of the suns energy; then a food chain.
they use 90% of the suns energy to grow and
live; the rest is passed onto consumers. - shows competition.

- consumers (heterotrophs) eat green plants (1)
and other consumers (2).


The more complex a food web of an ecosystems, the more stable it is
because there is more biodiversity.

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population dynamics



ecological levels of a organism

definition of a species: individuals that can mate and produce fertile off spring.

definition of a population: members of the same species living together in a defined area.

definition of a community: a group of population all living and interacting together.

definition of a ecosystem ecology: living and non living interacting together.

definition of a biome: represents similar ecosystems across the world.

definition of a biosphere: anywhere on earth that you find living things ether land air or water.



exponential growth (j-curve): un restricted growth, no limitation on resources.

S-curve: restricted growth, limited factors on a population and the carrying capacity is reached, population do not grow infinitely because there are limited resources.


carrying compacity: the largest population of a species that can be sustained in a ecosystem over time.

limiting factors: anything that constrains a population's size and slows or stops it from growing (controls it).


symbiotic organism relationship: because different species often inhabit the same spaces and share-or compete for-the same resources,
they interact in a variety of ways, known collectively as symbiosis. symbiosis in any relationship interaction between two dissimilar organisms.


there are 5 types of symbiosis, 1 competition (one benefits one loses or compromised benefit), 2 predator and prey (one benefits one loses),
3 commensalism (one benefits one nether loses or benefits), 4 mutualism (both benefit), 5 parasitism (one benefits one loses)


competition: competition can occur because of food, space, sunlight, mates, any other limited recourse.


predator and prey: one eats the other.


predator and prey cycle: when the prey population is high then the predator population will increase decreasing the prey population,
and low prey will decrease the predator population will decrease. and it will keep continuing like this.




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Photosynthesis and cellular respiration

why: we need a mechanism for converting the suns energy into a form of energy that can be used by all living things to live.

where and when: Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of plants. when light hits a plants leaves, it shines on chloroplasts and into their thylakoid membranes. those membranes are filled with chlorophyll, a green pigment. this pigment absorbs light energy.

What happens: the prosses where plants make their own energy (food). plants convert suns energy
into chemical energy usable by cells. radiant energy is energy that come from the sun. light energy is seen by human; its absorbed by plants
chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis.

chemical energy is the energy stored in the bonds of compounds and molecules.

In photosynthesis, chemical energy is produced in the forms of two molecules
glucose and oxygen

a molecule is a combination of atoms (same or different atoms)

an atom is the most basic unit of a chemical element

an element is a pure substance consisting of only like atoms. we represent elements by letters. so we represent a molecule by showing what elements are in it and how many of each.
photosynthesis
chemical equation is CO2+H2O+ sunlight chlorophyll = C6 H12 O6+O2

word equation is carbon dioxide + water sunlight + chlorophyll glucose oxygen


plants use sugar (glucose) as they produce as energy to grow

energy enters an ecosystem through plants; food chains, food webs, energy pyramid


why is cellular respiration important: it is important because living organisms generate energy for daily activity with cellular respiration


in plants it takes place in the mitochondria, the mitochondria is like the powerplant for the cell because the energy of the cell is generated at the mitochondria.

cells that need more energy have more mitochondria like muscles.

at the mitochondria sugar combines with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide plus water and energy


chemical equation for mitochondria

C6 H12 O6+ O2 mitochondria = CO2+H2O+ATP
word equation is

glucose + oxygen mitochondria = CO2 + H2O + ATP


Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary (they work together)
what one needs the other provides

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nutrient cycles


A ecosystem nutrient cycle: matter cannot be created or destroyed, nutrients can only cycle through, energy flows through

organic and inorganic

organic: contain both C (carbon) and H (hydrogen) atoms
E.g. glucose (C6 H12 O6)


inorganic; do not contain both C (carbon) and H (hydrogen) atoms
E.g CO2 (carbon dioxide) H20 (water) NM3 (ammonia)


organic compounds: paper, nail polish, candle, fabric, soap, gasoline

A compound consists of two or more elements chemically bonded in a fixed ratio.

inorganic compounds: carbon dioxide, DNA, methane, benzene, ethanol


4 atoms make up 96% of your body in most organisms
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
these atoms are recycled again and again within the biosphere in biogeochemical cycles.




hydrologic cycle: condensation lifts the water off of lakes oceans rivers (anywhere where is water) then the clouds of water travel places around the globe then precipitation may take the form of rain snow or hail (depending on the weather) once the water hits the ground may occur, some of the water may evaporate back into the clouds or the water may penetrate the surface and become groundwater. the ground water may take many different paths it may seep back into the rivers, lakes or oceans or it can go into an aquifer which is a body of saturated walk water through which can easley move or it may be released back into the atmosphere by transpiration, transpiration occurs when leaves from trees or other vegetation give off water vapors through pores in their leaves, some water on earths surface is not absorbed by plants or become groundwater and it becomes surface runoff this runoff may empty into lakes, streams, rivers and is carried back into the ocean where the cycle repeats.




why is water important: it makes up 60 to 70% of you body, water helps with temperature regulation, its a universal solvent,
hydrogen in H2O supplies protons (H+) and electrons for photosynthesis, oxygen and hydrogen are found in all building blocks of cells.


plants absorb carbon in photosynthesis and animals breath out CO2 and heterotroph eat plants that contain CO2,
also during digestion they realease carbon esmethane and the ground contain decomposers that release carbon into the air


the ocean contains the most amount of carbon. the ocean absorbs carbon in carbon dioxide. the ocean has a large amount of plankton that absorbs the carbon dioxide it uses for photosynthesis. humans also influence the movement of carbon we burn fossil fuels which releases
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Also the production clinker which is used for cement from limestone also releases carbon in addition
deforestation can cause the amounts of carbon to increase in our atmosphere.


is carbon important?: carbon is found in all the building blocks of cells, carbon in CO2 provides the atoms for glucose production during photosynthesis, easily forms bond with other elements, which gives flexibility to the form and function molecules take, part of DNA and RNA which are essential for growth and replication


where is carbon stored: oceans, terrestrial biosphere soil, lithosphere, atmosphere


nitrogen falls to the ground by precipitation once in the soil it finds its way to bacteria on the root of plants, at the roots the nitrogen is combined with hydrogen to create ammonia in a prosses called nitrogen fixation, lightning in the atmosphere can also do that, ammonia is toxic so additional bacteria combines this ammonia with oxygen in a prosses called nitrogen fixation, at this point the nitrogen is in xena form called nitrite.

nitrogen is important: nitrogen bases make DNA and RNA, adenine (nitrogen based)is used in ATP, it makes the amino part of amino acids,
79% of the atmosphere is made up of nitrogen gases N3, Bactria in in the soil converts nitrogen from the atmosphere into ammonia (NM3)
that is used by plants this is called nitrogen fixation, bacteria in the soil converts ammonia into nitrates and nitrites that plants use, nitrogen humans need for proteins, ATP, and nucleic come from the food we eat not the air we breath,


until the 20th century N-fixation was only natural and most wild plants thrive in low N-levels

scientists developed a way to fix N and phosphorus (artificial fertilizers)

farmers increased crop yield



pros and cons of agriculture fertilizers

pro N and P are essential to all living things
nitrogen cycle depend on how fast things decompose
N and P leave the soil in plants so when they are harvested N and P is removed from this ecosystem and this would deplete the soil if not replaced
fertilizers restore nutrients and production from the land and can double yields



cons

to much fertilizers can change the PH of soil (acidic) and impact plant growth
fertilizers runoffs can affect other ecosystems and can lead to vary serious environmental problem's





algae blooms

spring rain carry fertilizers into lakes algae grow rapidly and then die bacteria decompose algae using 02 less o2 for the fish so they die
decomposing fish means less o2 (meaning more less o2 will kill off more fish)


eutrophication of lakes

fertilizers and human waste flow into a lake,
then lake becomes rich in nitrogen and phosphorous
plants grow more rapidly
lake goes to oligotrophic to eutrophic
lake more shallow and dries out


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human relationships with ecosystems


human relationships with ecosystems E.g.: abuse, bioaccumulation, biomagnification, invasive species, species at risk, factory farms, brown fields.
Sustainability: protection of critical habitats, recycling, composting, biomimicry, sustainability and diversity, environmental assessment.

relationship: indigenous relationship


pesticides: they are chemicals that destroys anything that humans consider pests.

they can be:

herbicides: kill off weed
insecticides: kill off insects
fungicides: kill off fungi

use: they prevents the damage of crop and stop the spread of disease's.

pesticides and bioaccumulation

Unfortunately, pesticides are not specific to the organism they are deigned to kill. modern day pesticides are extremally harmful to all organisms. some of these chemicals are fat soluble and become stored in animal issue, this causes a problem known as bioaccumulation.

bioaccumulation: toxins and poisons slowly build up in living organisms. toxins increase in concertation over time. the substance taken in
(inhaled, eaten, absorbed) is stored faster then it is broken down by the body.

bioaccumulation example:
benefits: insecticide, easy and inexpensive to manufacture.

problems: remains in environment for a long time, DDT affects the central nervous system of insects and other animals, this results in hyperactivity paralysis and death, causes shell thinning in birds, following exposures to high doses in humans, humans systems include vomiting, tremors, shakiness and seizers, laboratory's animals studies showed effects on liver and reproduction, considered a possible carcinogen.

status: the registered use of DDT was suspended in Canada in 1985 and the use of existing stocks was only permitted until the end of 1990, after which time it was banned under the pest control products act (but still used is some areas of the world)

biomagnification: biomagnification occurs when the pesticides in organisms in the lower part of the food chain pass on their internal toxins to their consumers. the toxic becomes more and more concentrated the higher the trophic level.


biomagnification examples: metals, lead not considered safe at any level. it causes anemia, nervous and reproductive system damage,

cadmium toxic to earth worms and causes many health problems in fish.
causes lung disease, cancer, nervous and immune system damage in humans.



mercury bioaccumulates in the brain heart and kidneys of many animals and causes birth defects



invasive species: introduction of non native species,
people bring live non native species on boats or planes, or seeds to plant,
non native species usually do well because they have no natural competition,
they out compete native species for resources. as a result, the population of a non native species can increase very quickly and have a negative impact on the ecosystem.


non native species can deal allot of damage.




threats to wild wildlife include

pollution

climate change

habitat loss and fragmentation



invasive species introduced species compete with native species for space, food
and other resources, some even prey on native species

unsustainable harvest: over-exploitation of wildlife can be direct such as unsustainable hunting, harvesting and poaching or indirect including bycatch




species at risk: classification

1. A species shall be classified as an extinct species if it no longer lives anywhere on earth.

2. a species shall be classified as an extirpated species if it lives somewhere in the world, lived at one time in the wild i Ontario, but no longer lives in the wild in Ontario.

3. A species shall be classified as an endangered species if it is lives in the wild in Ontario but is facing extinction or extirpation.


4. A species shall be classified as a threatened species if it lives in the wild in Ontario, is not endangered but is likely to become endangered if steps are not taken to address factors threating to lead to its extinction or extirpation.


5. A species shall be classified as a special concern if it lives in the wild in Ontario, is not endangered or threatened, but may become threatened or endangered or threatened because of a combination of biological characteristics and identified threats


Factory farms: factory farms is a term used commonly used to describe an industrial facility that raises a large numbers of farm animals like pigs, chickens or cows in intensive confinement where their movement are extremally inhibited.

release vast quantities of carbon dioxide and methane (contributing to greenhouse gases)


animal conditions include cages and over crowded; poor air quality; unnatural light; inability to engage in natural behavior's.



fish farms: fish farming involves commercial breeding of fish, usually for food in fish tanks or artificial enclosures such as fish ponds. Quote from the David Suzuki Foundation: Canada has some of the worlds most and the worlds least sustainable fisheries, even though they are managed under the same federal law.
sea lice outbreaks on the farms in the Broughton Archipelago in 2015 led to a 23% loss in pink salmon.
A single salmon farm can be the size of 4 football fields.
Canadian exports of seafood bring in 6.6 billion annually.
72,000 make their living directly from fishing and fishing related activities.



Brownfields: brownfields are properties are vacant or underutilized places where past industrials or commercial activity's may have left contamination
(chemical pollution) behind, including: gas stations factory's, waterfront properties (port lands)formally used for industrial or commercial activities

brown fields can pose health and safety risks
be costly for the communities where they are located
potentially be redeveloped to meet health, safety and environmental standards with considerable investment to restore water, soil and air quality's



So far, human relationships with ecosystems are looking pretty bleak.
so what can we do to relate to our ecosystems in a more positive way? to understand our impact, mitigate them, and focus on sustainability and ultimately reciprocity?



Recycling's: in Canada, we emphasize the 4 R's: reduce, reuse, recycle and recover this is the order of preference

and it wont generate other forms of waste that impact ecosystems and the 4
spheres

the top five recycling country's

1 Switzerland

2 Austria

3 Germany

4 Netherlands

5 Norway



plastic is a major problem, this is why the first step of the 3 R's is reduce



composting: composting is the natural processes of recycling organic matter, such as leaves and food scraps, into a valuable fertilizer that can enrich soil and plants. some municipalities gather compost and processes it centrally,
but many people choose to compost it in their backyard.



Biomimicry: biomimicry or biomimetics is the emulation of the models, systems and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex human problems. the idea is that new products and systems are inspired by nature and put natures lessons into practice


The replacement rate
is using somthing that can replenish, but at the same rate it replenishes, you use


The 3 E's is environment, economy and equality



Biodiversity: sustainable ecosystems are biodiverse. Biodiversity refers to the varity of life on Earth and all's its levels, form genes to ecosystems , and can encompass the evolutionary, ecological, and cultural processes that can sustain life.






The environmental assessment act:



governments officials must sign papers before any projects are started

to promote sustainability by protecting the environment, fostering a sound economy, supporting the well being of British Colombians and their community's
to support reconciliation with indigenous people in British Colombia


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unit 2
chemistry

what is chemistry: chemistry is the study of matter and energy and the interactions between them

what is matter: matter is anything that has volume and mass

mass: a measure of the quantity of matter in a object

volume: a measurement of how much space an object takes up



chemistry focuses on 3 main things

1. property's of matter: matter is a substance mad up of various types of particles that occupies physicals space (has a volume) and has mass. Examples; color, taste, smell, hardness, reactivity


2. composition matter: composition what matter is made of; it includes the type of particles and how they are bonded (joined) to form the material. Examples; water, iron, nickel, carbon dioxide


3. relating composition to property's: the effect's of matters composition on its property's: how what is something is made of affects its characteristics and behavior.
Examples: how and why one substance is ductile (bends) verses brittle (breaks); how and why adding sugar to food makes it sweet.


Examples of matter: computer, butterfly, plant, sun, glasses, coffee, person, desk, chair, clouds, cat



the particle theory of matter: a theory used to describe the structure and behavior of matter.

1. all matter is composed of vary tiny objects called particles.

2. all particles have spaces between them.

3. particles in a substance attract each other.

4. particles present in matter are always in motion.



solids have a fixed shape and fixed volume

liquids can change shape and fixed volume

gas can change shape and can change volume


properties of matter

chemistry: study of matter, its organization, and how it behaves

all matter has property's



2 types of property's of matter



physicals properties: color, length, volume, opacity, thermal conductivity, state, density, solubility, ductility, malleability

-can be observed or measured without changings the matters identity's




chemical properties: acidity, reactivity flammability, toxicity, oxidation, heat of combustion, chemical stability, flammability and combustibility, coordination number, reactivity, possible chemical bonds, enthalpy of formation.




crushing or cutting a substance is still physical change because it does not
change it property's




chemical changes leave behind clues or indicators



burning or fire is a chemical change


temperature change without heating or cooling is a indicator of a chemical change

an explosion is a indicator of a chemical change


a change in color is a chemical change

a change in order is a chemical change

bubbles or fizzing is a chemical change




changes of matter: physical changes in matter are reversible: an ice cube can melt into liquid water, then back into a ice cube


chemical changes are not reversible: a log burned in a fire turns into ashes, but the ashes cannot be changed back into a log




evidence of a chemical change

-a permanent change in color

-bubbles of gas are produced.

- two solutions mix to form a solid called precipitate.

-energy in the form heat or light is released or absorbed.

- electricity is produced.

-the change is not easily reversed.




what is the difference between a property and a change?


properties are the characteristics of how a material will behave - it predicts future behavior


changes are observable behavior that the material is undergoing or has undergone - it describes a present or past event


a physicals change means that the molecules are rearranged but their internal structure is still the same. No new substance is formed, and it can be reversed

and if none of these happened then it is possible it was a chemical change


what is density:
density is the amounts of matter per unit volume, in other words, how closely packed together particles in a substance. every substance has its own specific density no matter how large the sample is.



anything can have the the same mass, but density's is what matters



the unit of density is kilogram per meter cubed

mass in kilogram

volume in meter cubed




if the density of an object is lesser then the density of the liquid then it will float and if the density of an object is more then the density of the liquid then it will sink



density triangle is the way to remember the relationships between density, mass and volume



calculating density - GUESS method

G-given
what is given to you in the question?

U-unknown
what are u being asked to find

E-equation
what formula will you use

S-solve
substitute your givens into the formula and calculate your answer

S-sentence
write a full sentence starting your answer


mass is divided by volume for density


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atoms and elements




what is an atom: atoms are the smallest unit of matter or of an element


what is an element: a element is a substance made of only one type of atom. it cannot be broken down anything simpler.


all elements can be found in the periodic table


atoms are made up of smaller atoms called subatomic particles
in the middle of the atom or nucleus are two subatomic particles called protons and neutrons


uncharged particles in a atom is called neutrons and positive charged particles are called protons. orbiting the atom is a gas of negatively charged particles called electrons


the electrons are much smaller in mass the protons and neutrons



the mass of an atom is based on the sum of the mass of the protons and neutrons(add together)



atoms are so small that it would take 50,00 atoms stacked up to reach the hight of aluminum foil


a carbon atom consistes of 6 protons, 6 neutrons and 6 electrons



there are 118 elements in the periodic table: 92 natural and 26 synthetic (made in a lab)


history of the atom:

the atomic theory, the idea is that everything is made of tiny particles that ant be broken down any further. and are separated from each other bn an empty space. (this was from a guy that was from ancient Greece called Democritus who was alive around 500 BC)


1800's John Dalton described atoms as solid spheres and importantly he suggested that different types of spheres might make up different elements

1887 J.J. Thomson came up with the plum pudding model, he had a series of experiments which showed that atoms simply could not be solid spheres, and instead they must contain positively charged particles, which we now know to be electrons. so using this new evidence he porposed that the atom was general ball of positive charge, represented by the pudding with discrete electrons stuck inside of it like plums.

1909 a guy called Ernest Ruthford and his students made another big discovery, what they did in their experiment is they took a positively charged alfa particles and they fired them at a vary thin sheet of gold, the idea was that if the positive charge in the gold atoms was generally spread out as J.J. Thomson had proposed like in his plum pudding model then the alfa particles that should pass right through that sheet of gold. because there would not be concentrated positive charge to repel them. weirdly though some of the alfa particles were deflected to the side and a small number were even deflected the way they came, and this proved J.J.'s theory wrong. because of these results ruthford suggested his nuclear model proposed that instead of a general field of positive charge there was some type of compact nucleus which contained all of the positive charge of the atom, he thought that the negative charge must be in some sort of cloud, this central nucleus, at this point ruthford was already pretty close to how he currently understand the structure of an atom, but his model had a bit of a flaw that needed sorting out, there dident seem to be anything stopping this cloud of negative charge rushing in towards the positive nucleus meaning that the atom sould just automatically collapse which we know does not.

just 4 years later in 1913, a man called niels bohr suggested his solution that the electrons orbited the nucleus just like planets orbiting the sun and that they were held in shells. the most important this orbiting of the electrons prevented the atoms from collapsing.
in this year since many experiments supported this model, and it is pretty much the same one we follow now with just a few extra changes.
further experiments by ruthford found that the positive charge in the nucleus is actually made of small discreate particles, which we now know as protons.

and a bit later a guy named james chadwick provided evidence for neutral particles in the nucleus which we now call neutrons.


the reason this story is important is because this theme is common to all science with a long chain of scientists making theory's of the way things are and using experimental evidence to either support or disapprove of those claims in search of the truth.



nucleus is more then 99% mass and less then 1% space


electron cloud is more then 99% space and less then 1% mass



dimitri mandeleev

mandeleeev could predict all of these things simply by from where the blank spot was and how the elements around it behave



lighter elements are on top while heavier elements are on bottom
all periods have the same number of shells, new period row= new shells


group number= number of valance electrons


medals vs non-medals


medals:

form cations

metallic luster

good conductors

malleable and ductile

high melting points

most solid at room temperature

sonorous

react to acid



nonmetals:

forms anions

dull, colorless to colorful

poor conductors

brittle

low melting point

often liquid or gasses at room temperatures

not sonorous

does not react to acids




what is a molecule: a group of 2 or more atoms held together by a attractive forces known as chemical bonds


what is a compound: a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules composed of atoms form more then one element held together by chemical bonds



Chemical formulas: chemical formulas indicate which elements are present and how many


Pure substance: matter having an invariant chemical composition and distinct properties

Mixture: matter containing two or more pure substances that retain their individual identity's and can be separated by physical methods

Homogenous: a mixture having a uniform and properties throughout

Heterogenous: mixture not uniform in composition and properties.



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Characteristics and Applications of Electricity


what is electricity: electricity is the study of the movement of electrons

an atom consists of a proton( positive charge) a electron( negative charge) and a neutron(neutral)

the number of neutrons, protons and electrons can tell us what the material is.

protons are much more lighter than the electrons in the nuclease and they can move easily around the nucleus at almost the speed of light

conductors can allow atoms to move freely throughout that solid, while insulators like plastic or glass limit the movement of electrons holding them tightly.

The law of conversation of electric charge.
you cant create a net electric charge, instead charge can only move from one place to anotherheir