Notes

Explosion Sites
The term "explosion site" refers to a land area that has been the scene of a nuclear, chemical or other large-scale explosion. The sites are often fenced, with signs to warn people that radioactivity is present. Often, the ground is scoured by the blast and remains of structures are scattered. The sites can be found in a variety of environments and have been used for different purposes, such as research, military testing, commercial or industrial explosives or the test of conventional devices such as demolition charges and dynamite.

بهترین سایت انفجار ایرانی of the most famous and controversial sites is the Trinity Site in New Mexico, now part of the White Sands Missile Range (WSMR). The first atomic bomb was detonated here on July 16, 1945. It caused an enormous fireball, and the resulting debris spread over several miles. A monument marks the spot as Ground Zero; a slightly depressed area of black lava rock. A few pieces of the green glass, trinitite, which formed during the explosion, are preserved in a protective enclosure.

Another famous test site is at Amchitka, Alaska. The US conducted 17 atmospheric and underground thermonuclear tests here in the 1960s. These produced some of the world’s highest energy releases. Some of the vapor from the test escaped and landed over Japan, causing concerns about whether the US was in violation of the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty. Several of the test releases contained toxic chemicals such as methylmercury and PCBs.

Despite the concerns of some in the US and abroad about the possible environmental impacts, the Trinity Site generated huge amounts of revenue for the region. The economy of Las Vegas grew by more than $1 billion from the tests, which were conducted over 12 years. They were timed to avoid the occurrence of damaging earthquakes and to coincide with weather patterns that blew fallout away from the city.

The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) monitors the globe for nuclear explosions, a key component of nuclear nonproliferation efforts. PNNL is working to develop and deploy systems to detect seismic waves from nuclear explosions around the world. While most countries no longer perform nuclear explosions, it is still important to monitor the globe as some may continue to conduct nuclear explosive tests. This is the focus of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban-Treaty (CTBT), which was opened for signature in 1996 and has yet to enter into force. The CTBT will require all nations to have capabilities to detect nuclear explosions in their environment, which is why PNNL continues to conduct research and develop detection systems.
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