Notes

Breast Milk Oligosaccharides Milk Help Infants Variety Diseases Receptors
In breast milk, HMOs are the third most abundant compounds after lactose and lipids. Structural and conformational models of HMOs are quite crucial to studying the interaction with proteins and molecular recognition phenomenon. Molecular dynamics simulations for two trisaccharides HMOs (2'-FL and 3-FL) were carried out for 2 ns and the conformational models were subsequently substantiated by three replicate simulations. The conformer models of HMOs 2'-FL and 3-FL were deposited in the 3-Dimensional Structural Database for Sialic acid-containing CARbohydrates active site of norovirus capsid protein and are simulated for 0 ns duration. Each complex system was stabilized by direct and water-mediated hydrogen bonding interactions. Binding Fucosylated Lactose predict two possible binding modes for each complex system.

The conformational flexibility and binding stability of the complex systems were calculated. The protein foldingunfolding and compactness seem to be better for the two HMOs. From a general perspective, we found that both 2'-FL and 3-FL exhibited higher binding efficacy towards norovirus capsid protein and according to the structural stability, 3-FL might be used as a preventive inhibitor for norovirus infection.Communicated by Exercise-induced 3'-sialyllactose in breast milk is a critical mediator to improve metabolic health and cardiac function in mouse offspring.Harris JE(#)(1), Pinckard KM(#)(1), Wright KR(#)(1), Baer LA(1), Arts PJ(1), Abay E(1), Shettigar VK(1), Lehnig AC(1), Robertson B(2), Madaris K(1), Canova TJ(1), Sims C(3), Goodyear LJ(4), Andres A(3), Ziolo MT(1), Bode L(2), Stanford and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, Center of Research Excellence, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, Nat Rev Endocrinol. Sep;16(9)472-473.

Nat Rev Cardiol. Sep;17(9)5-541.Poor maternal environments, such as under- or overnutrition, can increase the risk for the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in offspring1-9. Recent studies in animal models have shown that maternal exercise before and during pregnancy abolishes the age-related development of impaired glucose metabolism-15, decreased cardiovascular function16 and increased adiposity11,15; however, the underlying mechanisms for maternal exercise to improve offspring's health have not been identified. In the present study, we identify an exercise-induced increase in the oligosaccharide 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL) in milk in humans and mice, and show that the beneficial effects of maternal exercise on mouse offspring's metabolic health and cardiac function are mediated by 3'-SL. In Lactose-N-neotetraose '-SL knockout mice health or cardiac function in mice. There was no beneficial effect of maternal exercise on wild-type offspring who consumed milk from exercise-trained 3'-SL-- dams, whereas supplementing 3'-SL during lactation to wild-type mice improved metabolic health and cardiac function in offspring during adulthood.

Importantly, supplementation of 3'-SL negated the detrimental effects of a high-fat diet on body composition and metabolism. The present study reveals a critical role for the oligosaccharide 3'-SL in milk to mediate the effects of maternal exercise on offspring's health. 3'-SL supplementation is a potential therapeutic approach to combat the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes and Conflict of interest statement Competing Interests The authors have declared The sialylated fraction of milk oligosaccharides is partially responsible for binding to enterotoxigenic and uropathogenic Escherichia coli human strains.Milk oligosaccharides can act as soluble receptors that block bacterial adhesion to the different epithelia. Colonization factor antigens (CFA)I- and CFAII-expressing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains constitute one of the main causes of diarrhea in infants. Here, the inhibition of hemagglutination mediated by these strains by milk oligosaccharides was tested. Human milk oligosaccharides showed a strong inhibitory capacity, which decreased when the oligosaccharides were desialylated.

Because milk oligosaccharides also are present in the urine of neonates receiving mothers' milk, their ability to bind two uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains was also examined. UPEC strains expressing P (Pap) and P-like (Prs) fimbriae are responsible for infections of the urinary tract such as pyelonephritis and cystitis. The hemagglutination mediated by these strains was inhibited by human milk oligosaccharides.
Website: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacto-N-tetraose