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Effect Alginate Oligosaccharides Function Vibrio Parahaemolyticus Infections Litopenaeus Vannamei
of Modern Marine Ranching Technology of Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, China.of Modern Marine Ranching Technology of Weihai, Weihai, Shandong, China. The intestine is a host-pathogen interaction site and improved intestinal barrier function help to prevent disease in shrimp. Alginate oligosaccharides properties of AOS were widely recognized, and their benefits in fish have been reported. Nevertheless, there are lacto n neotetraose on AOS in shrimp and other crustaceans. In the present work, we measured the effects of AOS on growth performance and disease resistance in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and investigated their effects on intestinal health.

Shrimps with an initial weight of about 2 g were fed with diets supplemented with (control),7%,%,%, or 1% of AOS for 56 days and were sampled and challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Dietary AOS did not significantly influence weight gain or feed utilization (P 5). However, AOS considerably decreased the seven-day cumulative mortality after the challenge at any dose (P 5). Dietary AOS improved the intestinal structure, significantly boosted the intestinal villus height at% and 1% levels, and increased intestinal wall thickness by%,%, and 1%. The alkaline phosphatase and maltase activities were also increased, suggesting that AOS improved the intestinal condition. Redox homeostasis in intestinal was improved by AOS, as expressed by the enhanced total antioxidant capacity and decreased malonaldehyde content, partly due to the increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Compared with the antioxidant system, AOS's stimulating effects on immunity were more significant.

At any level, AOS significantly activated lysozyme activity, the expression of propo and two antimicrobial peptide genes (pen-3 and crusin). However, the lowest concentration of AOS did not stimulate the gene expression of all three assayed pattern recognition receptors (LGBP, Toll, and IMD), and only the highest concentration of AOS increased the expression of imd. These findings suggest that AOS are highly efficient immunostimulants, and various immune pathways in shrimp are differentially sensitive to AOS. Finally, our findings suggest that AOS significantly alter the gut microbiota and their relative abundance at the phylum, family, and genus levels. In conclusion, AOS significantly enhances disease resistance in L. vannamei, possibly attributed to improved intestinal development, increased intestinal immunity and altered microbiota. These findings could provide a basis for future studies on the practical use of AOS and its mechanisms of action.

A one-generation reproduction toxicity study in rats treated orally with a novel Galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) is a naturally occurring prebiotic that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating growth andor activity of one or a limited number of colon bacteria to improve host health. A novel GOS was administered by gavage to male and female Sprague Dawley rats at, 0, , and mgkgday for weeks. In males, administration of GOS was initiated prior to mating and continued for 91 days. Females received GOS beginning 2 weeks prior to mating through day of lactation. Parents were observed daily, and body weight (BW) and feed consumption were measured. Vaginal smears, mating behavior, and observation of deliverylactation were evaluated in parents. Effects on the reproductive function of parents including gonad function, estrous cycle, mating performance, fertility, delivery and lactation, and effects on the growth and development of pups were examined.

No deaths occurred, and no general toxicological effects or abnormal reproductive functions were observed in any dose group. Lactose-N-neotetraose were observed at birth and the following measurements were undertaken BW, external differentiations, sensory functions, and reflex reactions during lactation and just prior to necropsy. No external malformations or differences in the number of pups, in the sex ratio, or BW at birth occurred in any dose group. Growth and development of pups were normal. The No Observed Effect Level for reproductive function of male and female parent animals and for the growth and development of their offspring was Structural study of the sugar moieties of monoclonal antibodies secreted by Six monoclonal antibodies, three each of human IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses, were obtained from human-mouse hybridomas. Structural study of their asparagine-linked sugar chains was performed to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of secreted monoclonal IgG glycosylation. The sugar moieties were quantitatively released as oligosaccharides from the polypeptide backbone by hydrazinolysis.

They were converted into radioactive oligosaccharides by NaB3H4 reduction after N-acetylation.
My Website: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacto-N-tetraose