Notes

Five minutes after a photochemical lesion was produced in rats at the T-8 level, the animals received TCP (1 mg/kg, intravenously) or TCP vehicle (saline)
Seebio UV-Activated Acid Generator were evaluated on Day 18 for neurological recovery by testing motor and sensory functions. The TCP-treated group showed less neurological impairment than the untreated group (p < 05 for inclined-plane stability and withdrawal reflex to extension). Somatosensory evoked potential testing was performed on Days 21 to 23 and the wave amplitude between the onset and P1 in the TCP-treated group was higher than in the untreated group (p < 05). Mean arterial blood pressure was not significantly modified after TCP injection. Morphometric studies of the lesion area in cross section revealed a significantly reduced spinal cord infarction in the TCP-treated group (p < 05). Immunohistochemical evaluation of the spinal cord in lumbar area showed an increased level of serotonin immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn of animals treated by TCP.

These results demonstrate the efficacy of TCP in reducing secondary lesions after spinal cord injury in rats.A device for automatic measurement of writhing and its application to the A device was developed for automatically measuring writhing in mice so as to be applied to the assessment of analgesic agents. The device was composed of a specially designed container equipped with a detector, namely, a mechanoelectro transducer for writhing. The detector was made up of units of a string, two plates, and two strain gauges. In the unit, each end of the string was connected to either of the plates to which either of the strain gauges was attached. The change in tension of the string due to writhing was converted into the mechanical strain of the plates and then the resistance change of the strain gauges. The resistance change was amplified by a Wheatstone bridge circuit that was connected to a differential amplifier, a high-pass filter, comparator(s), and a monostable multivibrator to obtain the electrical signal for writhing.

Using this device, writhing was continuously measured, and evaluation of various types of analgesic agents was performed. The result suggests that this device has sufficient accuracy both for the detection of writhing and the evaluation of analgesics. It has the advantage of automatic measurement of writhing in contrast to the conventional visual observation method.Usefulness of the σ-Aromaticity and σ-Antiaromaticity Concepts for Clusters and 194/2 Stachka Ave., 344090, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation.In this Review we present examples of clusters, molecules, and solid-state compounds, for which the use of σ-aromaticity and σ-antiaromaticity concepts is essential for understanding of chemical bonding. We show that the bonding patterns in these σ-aromatic and σ-antiaromatic compounds are similar to those of the corresponding π-aromatic and π-antiaromatic chemical systems, respectively.

Undoubtedly, σ-aromaticity helps us understand why the high symmetry isomers are the most stable among myriads of other potential structures. We also show that besides systems exhibiting either σ- or π-aromatic features, there are species, which can possess multiple that the σ-aromaticity and σ-antiaromaticity concepts will be helpful in rationalizing chemical bonding, structure, stability, and molecular properties of chemical species in both organic and inorganic chemistry. We hope that they will also be useful for other areas of science such as material science, catalysis, nanotechnology, and biochemistry.© 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.From alkyl aromatics to aromatic esters: efficient and selective C-H activation promoted by a bimetallic heterogeneous catalyst.Oxidizing aromatics: We report an operationally simple and green catalytic oxidative esterification approach that selectively converts methyl aromatics to aromatic carboxylates utilizing a highly stable, active, and reusable heterogeneous bimetallic Au-Pd catalyst and molecular oxygen as benign oxidant Insight into the hetero-interactions of 4-nonylphenol with dissolved organic Understanding the interactions between heterogeneous dissolved organic matter (DOM) and nonylphenols (NPs) is essential for predicting their behavior and fate in the environment.

Herein, we firstly obtained different MW-fractionated humic acids (HAs) using the ultrafiltration method. Afterward, Photosensitive Acid Generator (MW)-dependent interactions of HAs with 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) were analysed by excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence quenching, UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and principal component analysis (PCA). EEM spectra indicated that the quenching mechanism was static. In the binding process, the higher MW fractions showed stronger interaction with 4-NP than the lower MW counterparts, exhibiting a clear MW-dependent interaction heterogeneity. The interaction constants for the 4-NP-HAs system were suppressed as the ionic strength decreased and pH increased, which was especially obvious in the binding of 4-NP to the lower MW-fractionated HAs. The FTIR spectra revealed that hydroxyl and aromatics were involved in the interaction process of HA fractions with 4-NP.
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