Notes

Days Age Lactase Activity Versus Infants
The time required to achieve full enteral feedings, the number of abnormal abdominal x-ray examinations, and the total number of abdominal x-ray examinations were inversely related to lactase CONCLUSIONS Early feeding increases intestinal lactase activity in preterm infants. Lactase activity is a marker of intestinal maturity and may influence clinical outcomes. Whether the effects of milk on lactase activity were due to the greater concentration of lactose in human milk compared with that in formula Glycoproteomics Analysis Reveals Differential Expression of Site-Specific Glycosylation in Human Milk Whey during Lactation.Wang Z(1)(2), Zhang N(1)(2), Wang W(3), Li Y(3), Szeto IM(3), Qin H(1), Jin Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian 1123, Protein N-glycosylation in human milk whey plays a substantial role in infant health during postnatal development. Changes in site-specific glycans in milk whey reflect the needs of infants under different circumstances. However, the conventional glycoproteomics analysis of milk whey cannot reveal the changes in site-specific glycans because the attached glycans are typically enzymatically removed from the glycoproteins prior to analysis.

In this study, N-glycoproteomics analysis of milk whey was performed without removing the attached glycans, and 3 and 327 intact glycopeptides were identified in colostrum and mature milk whey, respectively. Label-free quantification of site-specific glycans was achieved by analyzing the identified intact glycopeptides, which revealed 9 significantly upregulated site-specific glycans on 6 glycosites and 11 significantly downregulated site-specific glycans on 8 glycosites. Some interesting change trends in N-glycans attached to specific glycosites in human milk whey were observed. Bisecting GlcNAc was found attached to 11 glycosites on 8 glycoproteins in colostrum and mature milk. The dynamic changes in site-specific glycans revealed in this study provide insights into the role of protein N-glycosylation during infant development.Effects of high and low sucrose-containing beverages on blood glucose and Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Maastricht, Netherlands..

human milk oligosaccharides There is this intriguing but not yet well-explored suggestion that highly absorbable sucrose-sweetened drinks might exacerbate hunger by promoting temporal hypoglycemia-like responses already in non-diabetic healthy individuals. Human Milk Glycans might provide a possible additional explanatory mechanism for previous reported associations between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and body weight gain. The current study involves two separate and independently conducted human experiments exploring the effects of two different single-doses of sugar-sweetened beverages on temporal blood glucose nadir and possible related behavioral hypoglycemic-like symptoms in METHODS By way of two separately conducted between-subjects experiments, effects of 1) a low (29 g) sugar-containing beverage compared to a sweetened zero-energy drink and a milk drink (experiment-1) or 2) a high ( g) sugar-sweetened beverage compared to a zero-energy and a non-sweetened colored water drink (experiment-2) were measured on changes in blood glucose, behavioral RESULTS Experiment-1 The 29 g sucrose containing beverage caused a high (37%) glycemic increase and a smaller response (15%) to the milk drink, which both peaked  min after consumption, whereas the sweetened zero-energy drink had very little effect on blood glucose. Regardless of the different magnitude of peak glycemic responses, both the sugar and milk drinks rather equally caused blood glucose concentrations to return to normal and stable baseline values  min later. There were no (different) effects of the beverages on behavioral hypoglycemic-like symptoms, appetite or mood. Experiment-2 the  g sucrose containing beverage caused a large (72%) glycemic peak response at + min after consumption, whereas neither the sweetened zero-energy nor the non-sweetened colored water drink had any meaningful effect on blood glucose. After intake of the  g sugar beverage, blood glucose concentrations remained elevated (13%) at +1 min and returned to lower baseline values in the direction of hypoglycemia levels at +165 min.

There were no (differential) effects of the beverages on behavioral hypoglycemic symptoms, appetite or mood.CONCLUSIONS The current findings indicate that instead of a low (29 g) sugar-containing beverage, a high ( g) sugar-containing beverage caused blood glucose concentrations to fall below baseline values almost reaching hypoglycemia levels at the end of measurements.
Homepage: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%27-Fucosyllactose