Notes

The hundred Days (Novel)
The Hundred Days is the nineteenth historic novel in the Aubrey-Maturin collection by British writer Patrick O'Brian, first printed in 1998. The story is about throughout the Napoleonic Wars, particularly of their final portion in 1815, the Hundred Days. Napoleon escaped his exile at Elba and gained an enormous military as he marched up from the south coast of France to Paris, unseating Louis XVIII. The allies of 1813 and 1814 are coming collectively once more to affix their armies on land to stop Napoleon retaining the France he has retaken. Forces on the north coast of Africa are raising money to block the allied armies from becoming a member of, favoring Napoleon. Aubrey and his convoy are given the mission to destroy shipyards supporting Napoleon alongside the Adriatic Coast and to stop that money, if it indeed has been raised, from reaching its destination. Maturin and Dr Amos Jacob negotiate in Algiers, where, amongst other accomplishments, Maturin shoots a lioness leaping at him and the Dey of Algiers. Many authors write fictional tales set within the dramatic Hundred Days after Napoleon escaped his exile and induced a conclusive end to the lengthy wars, however "O'Brian has added a clever fictional twist" with the plot bringing the reader to North Africa on a hunt for a galley filled with small gold ingots to release a big army of mercenaries to extend the chances of Napoleon's massive and quickly re-built army profitable. What makes this novel particular is the "rendering of the inner lives of the characters - his loving and apt portrayal of their rich mixture of emotions and experiences". A key to the success of the novel is O'Brian's "invention of twin heroes, the bluff and ultracompetent Aubrey being at all times accompanied by his eccentric ship's surgeon, Stephen Maturin", and although the Napoleonic Wars have come to an in depth, this time for good, the ending of the novel suggests it is not the final adventure for Aubrey and Maturin. Maturin rejoins the squadron at Funchal after burying his spouse, killed when her carriage overturned. Fitted out, Commodore Aubrey's squadron meets at Gibraltar with Admiral Lord Keith, who updates him on Napoleon's success at Paris and the armies gathered on land. He orders Aubrey first to defend a convoy of service provider ships from Moorish xebecs and galleys, and then to proceed to the Adriatic Sea to destroy any new ships being constructed to support Napoleon. The grieving Maturin, in a separate meeting, learns of a plot to ship sufficient gold via Algiers to fund Muslim mercenaries who would block the Russian forces from joining these of the other allies, so Napoleon's military can assault one army at a time. Aubrey's squadron is successful in defending the convoy. The captain of the Pomone is haunted by the faces of the galley slaves who died when his ship attacked theirs; Aubrey reports he died cleaning his guns, and a new captain is assigned to Pomone. The convoy proceeds toward the Adriatic, stopping in Mahón. Asea, they encounter Captain Christy-Palliere, of the Royalist Caroline and an outdated acquaintance, who informs Aubrey in regards to the French scenario within the Adriatic before parting. Amos Jacob is distributed out on Ringle to Kutali and Spalato to gain extra information. Surprise sinks a French frigate under the command of an Imperialist at Ragusa Vecchia. Jacob rejoins close to Porte di Spalato where they meet another French frigate, whose captain, like so many, doesn't need to declare for Napoleon however fears he will win. Maturin and Jacob negotiate an settlement for the French frigate to combat a mock battle towards each Shock and Pomone; the Frenchman then accompanies Pomone to Malta. Following up the pressure placed on banks to not loan to the small shipyards, they lay out gold to push disgruntled dockworkers to burn new French ships alongside the coast, which is effective. Reaching Algiers, Maturin and Jacob meet the Consul, Sir Peter Clifford, and his wife. They meet with the Dey's Vizier at Kasbah, the Dey's palace. They travel to fulfill the Dey, Omar Pasha, at his looking-lodge at Shatt el Khadna in the Atlas Mountains. The Dey invites Maturin to hunt lions with him. The Dey kills a big lion whereas Maturin kills its lioness because it leaps to them, saving the Dey's life. For this deed, Omar Pasha swears that no gold will sail from Algiers, and provides Maturin one of his rifles as a parting present. Jacob befriends Ahmed Ben Habdal, who reveals that Pasha despatched a contrary message to the Sheikh of Azgar, to have the gold carried by a quick-crusing xebec from Arzila, near Tangiers, captained by an Algerian corsair through the Strait of Gibraltar straight to Durazzo. Maturin and Jacob return to Algiers, and wait for Ringle to seem. Maturin buys two Irish kids within the slave market. Once he sees the Ringle windbound off shore, they interact a local vessel to put them aboard Ringle. Before leaving, they learn Pasha is killed, and replaced by Ali Bey. Reade relates the injury sustained by Surprise in the course of the fierce storm. They be a part of Aubrey in Port Mahon, buy a narwhal tusk and converse with Admiral Fanshawe. Aubrey agrees to pursue the xebec. They encounter Hamadryad under old buddy Heneage Dundas, who tells them that Lord Barmouth is in place of Lord Keith. In Gibraltar, Maturin tells Aubrey not to fret about Barmouth, as a result of Peter Arden, Barmouth's political man, respects Lord Keith. Barmouth tells Aubrey to take his broad pennant down, as his squadron is dispersed. Later, Barmouth is joined by his new spouse, who he learns is a cousin to Aubrey. On his return, Aubrey finds Barmouth pleasant to him, as Barmouth wanted his spouse with him. Earlier than leaving for this battle, Maturin leaves the twin kids with Lady Keith. Dr Jacob learns the corsair has two galleys to act as decoys while he lies under Tarifa before operating via the Strait. The Shock, Ringle and the blue cutter lie in wait within the Strait. The galley sees three armed ships, and Murad Reis, her captain, fires on the frigate, destroying one gun, and killing Bonden, the coxswain, as well as Hallam, a midshipman. After a protracted pursuit, the galley hides at Cranc (Crab) island, the place Surprise and Ringle, unable to comply with the galley into the shallow lagoon, block the exit. A gun from the Shock is hoisted up a cliff, the place it may fire unopposed on the galley. The galley's crew, seeing the situation is hopeless, behead Murad and surrender. Returning victorious to Gibraltar, the Surprise sees the town exploding fireworks, and learns that Napoleon has misplaced in the Low International locations, fully beaten. Ali Bey sends word he wants the gold; he's killed and the brand new Dey, Hassan, admits the xebec fired first, and asks for a mortgage to consolidate his position in Algiers. The xebec is cleaned up and despatched to Algiers, while the gold is shared out in Gibraltar. Barmouth worries that his new wife is too pleasant with Aubrey, so he sends him off to the venture in Chile. Jack Aubrey: Commodore with his pennant on HMS Pomone, shifted at Gibraltar to HMHV Shock; Captain of His Majesty's Hired Vessel Surprise when the convoy disperses. Stephen Maturin: Ship's surgeon, physician, pal to Jack and an intelligence officer, lately widowed. Sophia Aubrey: Spouse of Jack Aubrey and mother of their three children, Charlotte, Fanny and George. Diana Villiers: Spouse of Stephen Maturin and mom of their daughter Brigid. Diana dies in a carriage accident in England after the households return from Madeira. Brigid Maturin: Younger daughter of Stephen and Diana. Mrs Clarissa Oakes: Governess to Brigid Maturin. Introduced in Clarissa Oakes / The Truelove. Mrs Williams: Mom of Sophia and aunt to Diana. She also is killed in the carriage accident. Padeen Colman: Irish-speaking servant to Stephen Maturin, now a part of his household on land. Lieutenant Edwards and John Arrowsmith: Two retired Lieutenants residing in Gibraltar who narrate the arrival of Shock and focus on latest deaths introduced in the Naval Gazette. Admiral Lord Keith: Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean Fleet who called Aubrey again into service at Madeira and gives orders as soon as Aubrey reaches Gibraltar. Launched in Grasp and Commander. Queeney, Lady Keith: Wife of Admiral Lord Keith and longtime good friend of Aubrey. Launched in Grasp and Commander. Campbell: Secretary to Admiral Lord Keith, present on the meeting with Maturin. Sir Joseph Blaine: Chief naval intelligence officer, who sends his info by coded letter to Maturin. Mr William Kent: Whitehall official in Gibraltar to fulfill with Maturin. Mr Dee: Authority on Eastern issues, particularly finance of Muslim states, who's in Gibraltar to meet with Maturin. Dr Amos Jacob: Assistant surgeon on the Shock. He assists Maturin in languages of the jap Mediterranean. He was born an Orthodox Spanish Jew, who speaks English, French, Ladino, Hebrew, Arabic and Turkish and he is a Cainite. He has interest in gems and educated in medication with Maturin. Colvin: From naval intelligence, he meets Maturin at Mahon to tell him of the settlement with bankers not to make loans to small shipyards along the Adriatic Sea, and that if Maturin is keen to work with the Carbonari, they will finish the task of stopping shipbuilding when the shipyards don't pay their workers for a number of weeks, by setting fireplace to the yards. Ibn Hazm: Shi'ite Muslim Sheikh of Azgar, at a crossroads within the desert, who is thought by Dee to have sufficient gold to pay the soldiers who would block the Russian military from meeting with the allies, thus favoring Napoleon. Barrett Bonden: Aubrey's coxswain. He's killed in the motion with the xebec. Preserved Killick: Aubrey's steward who assists Maturin as nicely. Dr Glover: Surgeon on HMS Pomone. Mr Harding: First Lieutenant on the Shock, launched in the Commodore. Mr Somers: Second Lieutenant on the Surprise, asked by Maturin to act as his second after Hobden insulted Maturin. Introduced within the Commodore. Mr Whewell: Third Lieutenant on the Shock, introduced in the Commodore. John Daniel: Grasp's Mate on the Surprise with a particular love of and ability with numbers, an excellent navigator. Hobden: Marine Captain on the Surprise. Mr Woodbine: Master on the Surprise. Mrs Poll Skeeping: Loblolly boy on the Surprise. McLeod: Joined at Gibraltar, had been on HMS Centaur when Commodore Hood set his pennant on her at Diamond Rock, and in his youth was a Saint Kilda cragsman; he agrees to help in bringing a gun up Cranc Island. Charles de La Tour: Captain of frigate Ardent, an Imperialist (supporter of Napoleon), met at Ragusa Vecchia on the jap shore of the Adriatic Sea. Guillaume Christy-Pallière: Captain of the Royalist Caroline and lengthy-time buddy to Aubrey and Maturin after he captured them; introduced in Master and Commander. Richard: Secretary on the Caroline. Captain Delalande: Captain of the Cerbère, Royalist, who shoots blanks at Spalato, for a dignified show of power to help his stand with the Royalists. Admiral Fanshawe: Port Admiral of Mahon. James Wright: Engineer and Member of the Royal Society with information of constructions. Maturin seeks him out to think about the structure of the horn of the narwhal. Omar Pasha: Dey of Algiers with whom Maturin negotiates and hunts lions. He's a tall man, soldierly. Killed earlier than Maturin leaves Algiers. Ali Bey: Subsequent Dey of Algiers, selected as Maturin leaves Algiers. He favors the British over Napoleon. He insists that the cargo of the xebec beneath Murad Reis be returned to him. On news of Napoleon's defeat, he's killed. Hassan: Succeeds Bey because the Dey of Algiers. He agrees that the British were attacked by Reis, drops all claims, and asks for a loan. Vizier Hashin: Political agent for the Dey of Algiers who hoped another man would substitute Pasha as Dey. Ahmed Ben Habdal: Assistant to the Vizier, who is a Cainite like Dr Jacob. He shares info with Dr Jacob. Sir Peter Clifford: British consul at Algiers. Lady Isabel Clifford: Spouse of Sir Peter, who is gracious but she looks down on the Irish kids. Kevin and Mona Fitzpatrick: Seven-year-outdated twins seized off the Munster coast by Corsairs, who're on sale within the slave market at Algiers. Maturin purchases them to return them to their household in Ireland. Heneage Dundas: Captain of HMS Hamadryad, a brand new appointment for him. He's a long time friend of Aubrey. Admiral Lord Barmouth: In command of the Mediterranean fleet after Lord Keith retires. Isobel Carrington: The new Lady Barmouth and Jack Aubrey's cousin. Matthew Arden: Political officer for Admiral Barmouth, and very long time colleague of Maturin. Murad Reis: Captain of a corsair xebec carrying gold. He goals to sail from Tangiers through the Strait of Gibraltar throughout the Mediterranean to an Adriatic port to ship it, to pay soldiers. Within the battle with Shock, his crew kills him. Captain Hugh Pomfret: HMS Pomone who's haunted by the faces of the males killed in a ship action. Aubrey reviews that he died by accident while cleansing his guns and he's buried on land. Captain John Vaux: Appointed to exchange Pomfret on Pomone. Captain Ward: HMS Dover. Captain Brawley: HMS Rainbow. Captain Cartwright: HMS Gannymede. Captain Harris: HMS Briseis. William Reade: Master's mate sailing Aubrey's tender, Ringle; introduced in the Thirteen Gun Salute. In the Nutmeg of Consolation, he misplaced one arm in battle. The title refers to the Hundred Days, a period when Napoleon Bonaparte escaped from Elba and temporarily returned to power in France. Kirkus Critiques finds brilliantly rendered clashes at sea, but the strong level of the novel is the "completely convincing evocation of early nineteenth-century Europe". Paul Kennedy writing in The new York Times says O'Brian's tales differ from others: "But these naval tales are blended into a larger panorama of Georgian society and politics, science, drugs, botany and the whole conspectus of contemporary Enlightenment data in regards to the pure world." A key to the success of the novel is "his invention of twin heroes, the bluff and ultracompetent Aubrey being always accompanied by his eccentric ship's surgeon, Stephen Maturin". As this story brings the collection to the ultimate end of the Napoleonic wars, Kennedy asks, will this be the final novel? Patrick Reardon writing within the Chicago Tribune says this novel is a bit different from the sooner ones in the sequence: "a bit unusual for books within the series inasmuch as it has more of a plot". Like the rest of the series, what provides the novel distinction is the "rendering of the internal lives of the characters--his loving and apt portrayal of their wealthy mixture of emotions and experiences". This novel begins about six weeks after the top of The Yellow Admiral, after Napoleon arrived in Paris with a large army, the king leaves Paris, and the Allied armies rapidly collect on the continent to interact Napoleon's army. Dramatic events in England brought Maturin residence; he rejoins the squadron at Funchal. The story concludes with Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo, the final finish of the Napoleonic wars till the treaties had been signed in July 1815. Aubrey and Maturin set sail for Chile in the Shock to undermine Spanish colonial rule there, promoting the independence motion, to realize an ally for Britain. This can be a continuation of the theme started within the Wine-Dark Sea. Aubrey meets Captain Christy-Pallière as an ally, after first meeting him as the lieutenant who took him and his ship prisoner in the first novel, Grasp and Commander. Diana's diamond of great worth, known as the Blue Peter, was first talked about in the Fortune of Struggle, used to recuperate Maturin from a French prison in the Surgeon's Mate, pawned within the Yellow Admiral to support their family till Stephen's fortune is again accessible to him to buy it again, and on this novel, the diamond is buried with her. Crusing to the Adriatic Sea, Aubrey sends Jacob to Kutali to talk along with his allies there, to gain the latest information on the rumor from Christy-Palliere, about gold being sent to pay for soldiers who in flip would block the Russian military from becoming a member of the armies of the opposite allies. Aubrey and Maturin made associates in Kutali within the Ionian Mission. Hyperlinks like this emphasize how Aubrey gained both allies and abilities over the course of his naval profession that serve him nicely when the war re-starts. News of a number of deaths is acquired by Maturin and Aubrey on this story. Stephen's spouse Diana dies, as does Aubrey's mother-in-law, Mrs Williams and her equally unpleasant companion, in a crash when Diana's daring driving overturns their coach. Diana's dying leaves Stephen fully shattered, unwilling to eat or communicate for lengthy periods of time, however he pulls himself collectively to foil Napoleon's latest plot. Christine Hatherleigh Wooden's husband, Captain Wood, the colonial governor of Sierra Leone also dies; Dr Glover tells Stephen their marriage was virtually a sham on condition that the husband was impotent. Admiral Lord Stranraer's demise is reported, as he took a lot of the medication on his personal alternative, after the medical doctors properly tapered his dosage down. He was launched in the Yellow Admiral as an influential admiral who spread in poor health will about Aubrey. Gossip has it the reverse (that the doctors elevated the dosage, rather than the affected person), probably because he was not a well-appreciated man. As part of the final navy motion in this story, the coxswain for Aubrey, and frequent helper to Maturin, Barret Bonden, is killed instantaneously by the one cannon shot from the xebec. Different crew members are killed too, but none who started with Aubrey in Grasp and Commander, and sailed with him at every chance. There is a theme of the seaman's notion of luck and the curiosity of the scientists. Dr Amos Jacob brings aboard a preserved hand exhibiting what's described as palmar aponeurosis - and now generally known as Dupuytren's contracture, named for distinguished surgeon and Maturin's good friend Baron Guillaume Dupuytren, a hand with the fingers bent inwards and the fingernails rising by the flesh of the palm. It is stored within the alcoholic spirits of wine to preserve it. Stephen Maturin also brings aboard a narwhal tusk given him by Aubrey from a previous Baltic voyage. The superstitious seamen accept one as a Hand of Glory and the opposite as a unicorn's horn, and regard them pretty much as good luck charms. Seamen drink the spirits, leaving the hand much deteriorated, and put out to dry, to see what may very well be saved. The Marine Captain's dog, Naseby, eats the hand, and an emetic solely recovers the bones. The narwhal tusk is broken when a drunken Killick and an even more drunken ship's boy drop and break it - one thing that makes the domineering Killick abruptly very unpopular together with his shipmates. A measure of goodwill and luck are restored on the ship when Maturin wires the bones together to make a skeletal hand - even more sinister looking, which pleases the crew. Good luck is restored when a marine engineer, Mr Wright, glues the horn again collectively after he analyses its structure. The concept and the methods to haul a gun up Cranc island came from a seaman who had been at Diamond Rock near Martinique in 1803, when several guns have been introduced up to make a safe place. Aubrey sails his convoy to Gibraltar, then to Mahón. In seeking out ports with ships to burn or sink, they attain Ragusa Vecchia and next Porte di Spalato on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. In Algiers, Maturin visits the Kasbah, the palace of the Dey. The 2-faced Dey guarantees no gold will sail from Algiers when Maturin saves his life from the attacking lioness, however at the same time directs that the gold sail from Arzila, simply southwest of Tangiers, by way of the Strait of Gibraltar to Durazzo, an Adriatic port. The ship is hidden close to Tarifa, the southernmost point of Spain, to the west and south of Gibraltar alongside the Strait of Gibraltar. Reardon, Patrick (2 November 1998). "Nineteenth In Sequence Of Historic Sea Tales Sails Right Alongside". Chicago Tribune E-book Assessment. Day, Anthony (9 October 1998). "Aubrey Sets Sail in Pursuit of Napoleon". Hardyment, Christina (26 August 1998). "Wednesday Ebook: Dwelling on the rolling deep". Kennedy, Paul (18 October 1998). " Narwhal tusk for sale Gazing: Jack Aubrey and Stephen Maturin are again in one other tale of derring-do". The brand new York Times. O'Brian, Patrick (1999). The Hundred Days. W W Norton. p. 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