Notes

These people originally lived in modern-day Nigeria and Cameroon but for some reason began moving south and east around 1000 BCE.
There is continued speculation about why they moved in the first place. One reason may be that overpopulation encouraged some groups to move away in order to practice agriculture. Another could be that they were in search of fertile land. Or, the move may have been due to internal conflicts within their communities or external attacks by their neighbors.
The Bantu-speaking Africans introduced many things into the areas they migrated. They were an agricultural people and introduced crops such as millet and sorghum. They may also have introduced iron smelting and iron tools. (You might be asking why this is just now being brought up—it's because these migrations took a long, long time spanning centuries, as did the civilizations they created.) Look at the map below to see the patterns of their migrations.
One wave moved east across forests into East Africa.
Existing as a civilization from the 4th to the 2nd Millennium BCE, the Norte Chico were located along the coast of modern-day Peru. They built terraced pyramids, erected megalithic structures, established major urban sites, and harvested crops not used for food. They also invented an accounting system using quipu. It is considered the oldest known civilization in the Americas following its discovery in the early 21st century CE.