Notes

Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy Seo with regard to Satisfactory along with Remaining-One Undesirable Dose-Volume and also Mean-Dose Restriction Planning.
Experimentally, the θ_c is demonstrated to be very close to the magic angle (θ≈1.08°). Here we address the transition between reconstructed and unreconstructed structures of the TBG across the magic angle by using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Our experiment demonstrates that both structures are stable in the TBG around the magic angle. By using a STM tip, we show that the two structures can be changed to each other and a triangular network of chiral one-dimensional states hosted by domain boundaries can be switched on and off. Consequently, the bandwidth of the flat band, which plays a vital role in the emergent strongly correlated states in the magic angle TBG, is tuned. This provides an extra control knob to manipulate the exotic electronic states of the TBG near the magic angle.Spin-triplet superconductors are of extensive current interest because they can host topological state and Majorana fermions important for quantum computation. The uranium-based heavy-fermion superconductor UTe_2 has been argued as a spin-triplet superconductor similar to UGe_2, URhGe, and UCoGe, where the superconducting phase is near (or coexists with) a ferromagnetic (FM) instability and spin-triplet electron pairing is driven by FM spin fluctuations. Here we use neutron scattering to show that, although UTe_2 exhibits no static magnetic order down to 0.3 K, its magnetism in the [0,K,L] plane is dominated by incommensurate spin fluctuations near an antiferromagnetic ordering wave vector and extends to at least 2.6 meV. We are able to understand the dominant incommensurate spin fluctuations of UTe_2 in terms of its electronic structure calculated using a combined density-functional and dynamic mean-field theory. 101 (50.2%) patients developed AKI (72% on the first day of invasive mechanical ventilation [IMV]), and thirty-four (17%) required RRT. Risk factors for AKI included higher baseline Cr (OR 2.50 [1.33-4.69], p = 0.005), diuretic use (OR 4.14 [1.27-13.49], p = 0.019), and IMV (OR 7.60 [1.37-42.05], p = 0.020). A higher C-reactive protein level was an additional risk factor for RRT (OR 2.12 [1.16-4.33], p = 0.023). Overall 60-day mortality was 14.4% 23.8% (n = 24) in the AKI group versus 5% (n = 5) in the non-AKI group (HR 2.79 [1.04-7.49], p = 0.040); and 35.3% (n = 12) in the RRT group versus 10.2% (n = 17) in the non-RRT group, respectively (HR 2.21 [1.01-4.85], p = 0.047).In the present study, the concept of 'environmental floors' in the multi-storeyed building is proposed, where separate treatment of greywater by gravity-governed stabilization tank and blackwater by underground Malaprabha digester of the DOSIWAM (Decentralized On-Site Integrated WAste Management) system is carried out. The study evaluates the feasibility of the non-mechanised DOSIWAM system by comparing it with the mechanised activated sludge process (ASP) with the life cycle and cost assessment (LCA and LCCA) method. The LCA was carried out with the SimaPro software using the impact 2002+ method. Both systems served a multi-storeyed (G + 30) building with 890 population equivalent. The LCA results reveal that the non-mechanised DOSIWAM system has three to six times reduced environmental impacts than the ASP system in almost all impact categories. Although DOSIWAMS' weaker removal efficiency dominates in the results of aquatic eutrophication and acidification impact, the latter comparative economical assessment showed to be the most cost-effective alternative due to reduced land use cost, O&M cost, and benefits achieved with energy recovery in the form of biogas. The electricity and chemical consumption in the operation phase caused the highest environmental impact for the ASP system, whereas the production of clinker and steel are responsible for a detrimental impact in the construction phase of the DOSIWAM system.In this study, the performance and mechanism of nitrogen removal in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) with and without zero-valent iron (ZVI) was investigated. The results showed that ZVI had a capacity to promote NH4+-N conversion, NO2--N accumulation and total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal, with the TIN removal rate being increased by 29.45%. The ZVI also had a significant impact on microbial community structure by means of high-throughput pyrosequencing, increasing the enrichment of Anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) bacteria Candidatus Brocadia and Feammox (anaerobic ferric ammonium oxidation) bacteria Ignavibacterium. With ZVI addition, the main pathway of nitrogen removal was changed from nitrification-heterotrophic denitrification to Anammox and Feammox.Rejected water from sludge processing in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is very harmful due to its high concentration of ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus. It is therefore necessary to find a low-cost and convenient technique to simultaneously remove ammonia nitrogen and phosphorus from rejected water. In this study, natural granular zeolite was modified by NaCl and La(OH)3 to obtain a new material (Na@La-MZP), with several advantages compared with powdered zeolite. Na@La-MZP could remove 92.61% ammonia nitrogen (50 mg/L) and 99.01% phosphate (60 mg/L) at the optimal conditions of dosage 12.5 g/L, initial pH 6.0 and reaction time 12 hours, which enabled the effluent to satisfy the discharge standard (GB 18918-2002) for municipal WWTPs in China. The maximum adsorption capacity of Na@La-MZP was determined as 17.92 mg NH4+-N/g and 9.53 mg P/g by the Langmuir isotherm. Pseudo-second-order kinetics could well illustrate the adsorption process and show that the ammonia nitrogen and phosphate can be degraded by chemical reaction. The characterizations of Na@La-MZP confirmed the removal mechanism of ammonia nitrogen and phosphate. The Na@La-MZP still maintained more than 75% removal efficiency after five reuses. Furthermore, the estimated cost of this treatment method was 0.22 $/m3 rejected water.Low-cost banana stalk (Musa nana Lour.) biochar was prepared using oxygen-limited pyrolysis (at 500 °C and used), to remove heavy metal ions (including Zn(II), Mn(II) and Cu(II)) from aqueous solution. Adsorption experiments showed that the initial solution pH affected the ability of the biochar to adsorb heavy metal ions in single- and polymetal systems. Compared to Mn(II) and Zn(II), the biochar exhibited highly selective Cu(II) adsorption. The adsorption kinetics of all three metal ions followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. The isotherm data demonstrated the Langmuir model fit for Zn(II), Mn(II) and Cu(II). The results showed that the chemical adsorption of single molecules was the main heavy metal removal mechanism. The maximum adsorption capacities (mg·g-1) were ranked as Cu(II) (134.88) > Mn(II) (109.10) > Zn(II) (108.10)) by the single-metal adsorption isotherms at 298 K. Moreover, characterization analysis was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results revealed that ion exchange was likely crucial in Mn(II) and Zn(II) removal, while C-O, O-H and C = O possibly were key to Cu(II) removal by complexing or other reactions.Membrane distillation (MD) is an advantageous separation process compared with pressure-driven technologies and was subsequently introduced to treat aquaculture wastewater. Harnessing a superhydrophobic membrane in an MD process is of extreme importance to prevent membrane wetting. In this work, the electrospun polypropylene (PP) membrane was surface modified by depositing an additional coating of PP via the solvent-exchange method, thereby improving the membrane's superhydrophobicity. Layer-by-layer deposition of PP caused the formation of uniform polymer spherulites on the membrane surface, which levelled up the membrane's surface roughness. A superhydrophobic surface was achieved by applying a single-layered PP coating, with static water contact angle of 152.2° and sliding angle of 12.5°. While all membranes achieved almost perfect salt rejection (up to 99.99%), the MD permeate flux improved by 30%, average of 13.0 kg/m2h, when the single-layered PP-coated membrane was used to treat the high salinity water in both 2 and 60 hr MD processes. Further layers of coating resulted in larger size of PP spherulites with higher sliding angle, followed by lowered flux in MD. The evenness of the surface coating and the size of the aggregate PP spherulites (nano-scaled) are two predominant factors contributing to the superhydrophobicity character of a membrane.Although the widespread use of sewage sludge in developing countries is common, little is known about how sludge disposal can affect the microbial composition and diversity of tropical soils. We evaluated the effects of the sewage sludges of two types of anaerobic digestors differing, by the biological treatment they have undergone (uplow anaerobic sludge blanket and activated sludge digester), and two different disposal methods (surface and incorporated) on tropical soils. Samples were taken from topsoil (0-10 cm) and analyzed by amplifying the 16S rRNA genes to study the microbial community, and physicochemical analysis was performed concomitantly. The results indicated that, in general, sewage sludge amendment (SSA) significantly changed the tropical soil bacterial community by the sludge type and by application method. Moreover, the redundancy analysis diagram indicates that changes in soil chemical parameters over time due to SSA resulted in changes in the bacterial community's composition, increasing the population responsible for recycling nutrients in the soil.High levels of microbial fecal pollution are a major concern in many countries. A human-associated genetic marker for Escherichia coli (H8) has recently been developed for fecal source tracking. The assessment of the H8 marker performance is crucial before it can be applied as a suitable method for fecal source tracking in each country. The performance (specificity and sensitivity) of the H8 marker was evaluated by using non-target host groups (cattle, buffalo, chicken, duck, and pig feces) and target host groups (influent and effluent from a wastewater treatment plant and septages). SYBR based real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) was done on 400 E. coli isolates from non-target and target host groups after E. coli isolation. It was found that the specificity from animal feces samples collected in Thailand was 96%. Moreover, influent, effluent, and septage samples showed the values of the sensitivity at 18, 12, and 36%, respectively. All of the non-target host groups were found to be significantly different with positive proportions from the target host group (septage samples) (p ≤ 0.01). Based on the results, this marker is recommended for use as a human-associated E. coli marker for identifying sources of fecal pollution in Thailand.Phosphorus (P) discharge from wastewater treatment plants into the environment contributes to eutrophication issues. Reactive media filters represent an effective, simple and cost-effective solution to decrease the P content. Previous research used various experimental designs and often synthetic wastewater, making assessment of real-world performance difficult. This study assesses the impact of the hydraulic retention time (HRT) on P removal using real wastewater to refine design criteria for full-scale installations. Four media were compared in column experiments for >200 days. Different HRTs were applied and initially the media achieved low P effluent concentrations of >0.1 mg/L PO4-P, increasing over time. Best P removal was observed for the highest HRT with on average >99%. HRT was seen to be the driving factor for P removal rather than media capacity. Three of the four materials showed pH levels above 12 initially, decreasing over time. Water quality parameters, including organics, solids and metals, were monitored. In-depth analysis confirmed formation of calcium phosphate precipitation on the media's surface. The results suggest the importance of an optimal HRT to achieve high P removal and show that the reactive media application is an appropriate technology for P removal on small sites if the elevated pH is addressed.The remediation of Congo Red (CR) dye by the synthetic sorbent composited from sewage and waterworks sludge was studied in batch and continuous experiments. The continuous experiments studied the composite synthetic after mixing with composite synthetic sorbent filter (CSF) glass waste to increase the hydraulic conductivity of the permeable reactive barrier (PRB). The synthetic composite sorbent was characterised by the nitrogen adsorption-desorption tests, field emission-scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. For evaluating the batch tests, the variable conditions of initial concentration, solution pH, agitation time and agitation speed were studied. The synthetic sorbent showed a high ability to remove the CR from a contaminated water, with maximum sorbent uptake equal to 9,469.211 mg/g and composite adsorbent-filter CSF equal to 4,415.946 mg/g. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model governed the adsorption process. The column tests showed the highest reactivity, with 5050 weight ratios of the adsorbent to filter glass waste. The experiments were done with different concentrations of CR and different bed heights of CSF as the PRB for 90 days. There was a delay in the breakthrough time when decreasing the contaminant concentrations and when increasing the composite adsorbent-filter CSF bed height. The breakthrough curves were well represented by the COMSOL model.This study proposed a method for constructing a low impact development (LID) plan to improve the utilization rate of rainwater in a highway service area and solve the problem of waterlogging. Firstly, based on the theory of LID, taking the total runoff as the control goal, and combining it with the functional zoning of the highway service area and the characteristics of LID facilities, several LID schemes were proposed. Then, the evaluation system of the LID scheme in service area was established by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). These preliminary construction schemes were compared from three aspects (runoff control efficiency, economic efficiency and social efficiency) to determine the best LID plan. Finally, taking the Pu'er tunnel service area as an example, the construction scheme of the sponge city service area was optimized.TiO2 crystals are widely used in photocatalytic processes due to their low cost and fabulous catalytic performance. As described in our previous study, three types of TiO2 with the main surfaces of 101, 001 and 100 were synthesized. In this study, the three types of TiO2 are used to investigate roxithromycin (ROX) photocatalytic degradation kinetics and the pH effect. For photocatalytic degradation, the obtained data have shown that the overall order of optimal degradation is shown as 101 > 001 check details > 100.
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