Notes

A significant overall lower proportion of 8-9 year-old children had detectable tetanus toxoid antibodies
In the previous survey of 3-4 year-old children this was 11.3%. In the present survey, GMC was lower than in the 3-4 year-old children; 88% of 3-4 year-olds and 89% of 8-9 year-olds had detectable antibody levels against poliovirus type 1. Fewer children at 8-9 years of age had antibodies against poliovirus type 3 than 3-4 year-olds (78%vs. 89% P < 0.001).

compared to 3-4 year-old children (87%vs. 95% P < 0.001), as well as those who received four doses of DPT (90%vs. 97% P < 0.001). Conclusions High vaccine coverage is achieved in The Gambia with EPI. With time the number of vaccinated children who are not protected against measles, poliovirus 3 and tetanus increases.

Besides the maintenance of high vaccine coverage in infants and young children, booster doses of some of the EPI vaccines in adolescents should be considered.10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01313.x.

monkeys by a murine monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody.antibody, designated 11D10, which biologically and antigenically mimics a distinct and specific epitope of the high molecular weight human milk fat globule primarily expressed by human breast and some other tumor cells at high density. This epitope is identified by mAb BrE1, which was used as the immunizing antibody or Ab1 to generate the anti-Id (Ab2) 11D10. 11D10 induced antitumor immune responses across species barriers, i.e., in mice and rabbits. In preclinical studies, cynomolgus monkeys were immunized with 2 mg of either 11D10 or the isotype- and allotype-matched control Ab2 3H1 after precipitation with aluminum hydroxide.

All monkeys developed high titers of antibodies against the immunizing mouse immunoglobulin. Immunization with 11D10 induced anti-anti-idiotype antibodies (Ab3) which reacted with breast cancer cell lines but not with control T-cell and melanoma cell lines. The Ab3 shared idiotypes with BrE1 (Ab1), as demonstrated by their ability to inhibit 11D10 binding to BrE1. The Ab3 obtained with 11D10 bound specifically to human milk fat globule antigen and competed with BrE1 for binding to breast cancer cell lines, suggesting that Ab1 and Ab3 may bind to the same epitope. In addition, Id-specific cellular immune responses were demonstrated in monkeys immunized with 11D10 by T-cell proliferation assays. These results indicate that aluminum hydroxide-precipitated anti-Id 11D10 can induce breast cancer-specific antibodies in nonhuman primates and can serve as a potential network antigen for breast cancer patients.injection of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from normal healthy donors into C.

vitamin b5 price combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice followed by vaccination and infection of these mice with the murine species of Trichuris, Trichuris muris. Optimal results with respect to parasite specific antibody production and peripheral engraftment were achieved by injecting intraperitoneally 2 x 10(7) PBLs which had been incubated overnight on anti-human CD3 coated plates. Mice were immunized three weeks post reconstitution with parasite antigen in Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant and infected two weeks later. At vitamin b5 deficiency could be detected in the spleens of engrafted animals and anti-T. muris antibody detected. The dominant IgG isotype responses were shown to be IgG1 and IgG2, providing a similar IgG isotype profile to that seen in humans infected with T.

trichiura in the field. In several cases engrafted animals showed the remarkable ability to expel their parasite load. The model will thus be useful for analysing human immune responses to trichuriasis under highly controlled laboratory conditions impossible to achieve in the field.10.1046/j.1365-3024.1997.

d01-161.x.immune response to the acetylcholine receptor.alpha(1----3) dextran (Dex) is accompanied by a reduction in the subsequent immune response to the acetylcholine receptor (AChR), depending on the timing of the Dex administration relative to AChR challenge. Here, we report that suppression of the anti-AChR response can be transferred by a monoclonal antibody, known as DX2, which is specific for Dex. Serum transfer experiments have also supported the notion that antibody is important for this effect. In addition, two new idiotypic markers have been defined that are expressed mainly by antibodies against Dex, including DX2.
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