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The major reaction products have been identified as the cis-syn (2 + 2) adduct and the (6 - 4) adduct on the basis of their spectroscopic properties including 1D and 2D NMR spectra, UV spectra and stability or instability to photochemical cleavage
Product quantum yields and ratios determined by HPLC analysis allow the behaviour of the eleven hairpins to be placed into three groups: Group I in which the (2 + 2) adduct is the major product, as is usually the case for DNA, Group II in which comparable amounts of (2 + 2) and (6 - 4) adducts are formed, and Group III in which the major product is the (6 - 4) adduct. The latter behaviour is without precedent in natural or synthetic DNA and appears to be related to the highly fluxional structures of the hairpin reactants. Molecular dynamics simulation of ground state conformations provides quantum yields and product ratios calculated using a single parameter model that are in reasonable agreement with most of the experimental results. Factors which may influence the observed product ratios Stress amplifies lung tissue mechanics, inflammation and oxidative stress LF, Lanças T, Dolhnikoff M, Martins MA, Leick-Maldonado EA, Prado CM, Tibério BACKGROUND: Mechanisms linking behavioral stress and inflammation are poorly understood, mainly in distal lung tissue.OBJECTIVE: We have investigated whether the forced swim stress (FS) could modulate lung tissue mechanics, iNOS, cytokines, oxidative stress activation, eosinophilic recruitment, and remodeling in guinea pigs (GP) with chronic METHODS: The GP were exposed to ovalbumin or saline aerosols (2×/wk/4wks, OVA, and SAL). Twenty-four hours after the 4th inhalation, the GP were submitted to the FS protocol (5×/wk/2wks, SAL-S, and OVA-S).

Seventy-two hours after the 7th inhalation, lung strips were cut and tissue resistance (Rt) and elastance (Et) were obtained (at baseline and after OVA and Ach challenge). Strips were submitted to histopathological evaluation.RESULTS: The adrenals' weight, the serum cortisol, and the catecholamines were measured. There was an increase in IL-2, IL-5, IL-13, IFN-γ, iNOS, 8-iso-PGF2α, and in %Rt and %Et after Ach challenge in the SAL-S group compared to the SAL one. The OVA-S group has had an increase in %Rt and %Et after the OVA challenge, in %Et after the Ach and in IL-4, 8-iso-PGF2α, and actin compared to the OVA. Adrenal weight and cortisol serum were increased in stressed animals compared to nonstressed ones, and the catecholamines were unaltered.CONCLUSION & CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Repeated stress has increased distal lung constriction, which was associated with an increase of actin, IL-4, and 8-iso-PGF2α levels.

Stress has also induced an activation of iNOS, cytokines, Comparison of seasonal variations of ozone exposure and fluxes in a Mediterranean Holm oak forest between the exceptionally dry 2003 and the Heart, Via Musei 41, 25121 Brescia, BS, Italy.Ozone and energy fluxes have been measured using the eddy covariance technique, from June to December 2004 in Castelporziano near Rome (Italy), and compared to similar measurements made in the previous year. Seebio Photobase Generator studied ecosystem consisted in a typical Mediterranean Holm oak forest. Stomatal fluxes have been calculated using the resistance analogy and by inverting the Penmann-Monteith equation. Results showed that the average stomatal contribution accounts for 42% of the total fluxes. Non-stomatal deposition proved to be enhanced by increasing leaf wetness and air humidity during the autumnal months. From a comparison of the two years, it can be inferred that water supply is the most important limiting factor for ozone uptake and that prolonged droughts alter significantly the stomatal conductance, even 2 months after the soil water content is replenished.

Ozone exposure, expressed as AOT40, behaves similarly to the cumulated stomatal flux in dry conditions whereas a different behaviour for the two indices appears in wet autumnal conditions. A difference also occurs between the two years.[Use of the combined Kjeldahl-wet digestion/Berthelot-reaction for determining nitrogen in biological materials. 2. Design and testing of a partially automated apparatus for routine determination of nitrogen].The authors describe the design and the mode of operation of a partially automated analyzer system, based on the combination of the Kjeldahl wet digestion with the Berthelot reaction, for the determination of nitrogen in biological materials. The results from three years of operation are discussed from the view-points of variability of the materials to be tested, of accuracy and of precision.

This analytical technique (with an accuracy of 98% and a precision of 4%) is suited for determining amino and amido nitrogen as well as non-aromatically bound ring nitrogen. The statistical evaluation of the analytical results revealed that the deviation of the measured values is mainly caused by the high-temperature digestion.[Ozone in the layer of the atmosphere closest to the ground].High ozone concentrations are regularly observed and of wide-spread appearance in the planetary boundary layer during summerly high pressure conditions. The ozone is a product of photochemical reactions involving as precursors nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. The emission of both precursors in Switzerland is discussed.
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