Notes

Consumption Index Drinks Symptoms Research Effects Dosages Beverages Time Measurements
Conflict of interest statement Declarations of Competing Interest Rob Markus has received funding and provided public information-related services to ‘Kenniscentrum Suiker en Voeding (KSV, Netherlands) in the past. Peter Rogers has received funding for research from Sugar Nutrition UK, and has provided consultancy services to Coca-Cola Great Britain and received speaker's fees from the Global Stevia Institute, ILSI Brasil, ILSI-Europe, ILSI-India and the Increase of calcium and reduction of lactose concentration in milk by treatment Dairy products are the main source of calcium (Ca), but the loss of the consumption habit contributes to low consumption in adulthood, which leads to osteoporosis and increased fracture risk. Domestic use of kefir is straightforward and the eggshell is a natural discarded source of Ca. This paper proposes the development of an enriched Ca reduced lactose milk using eggshell and kefir. During the in vitro preparation, the pH, Ca and lactose contents were measured. Ca intestinal absorption of untreated milk and milk with kefir was compared.

Finally, human volunteers consumed this dairy product and 24-h urine Ca was measured. Results showed that the beverage has lower lactose and higher Ca than untreated milk and milk with kefir. Intestinal Ca absorption was not different between both milks and an increase in urinary Ca excretion was observed in humans. 2'-Fucose lactose provides a methodology to prepare at home a dairy product that could contribute to improve the Ca intake in adults.THE LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE OF MAMMARY GLAND AND THE CORRELATION OF ITS ACTIVITY TO Origin of Lactose Fermentation in Kluyveromyces lactis by Interspecies Transfer of a Neo-functionalized Gene Cluster during Domestication.Varela JA(1), Puricelli M(1), Ortiz-Merino RA(2), Giacomobono R(1), Environmental Research Institute, APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Environmental Research Institute, APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Humans have used yeasts to make cheese and kefir for millennia, but the ability to ferment the milk sugar lactose is found in only a few yeast species, of which the foremost is Kluyveromyces lactis [1]. Two genes, LAC12 (lactose permease) and LAC4 (lactase), are sufficient for lactose uptake and hydrolysis to glucose and galactose [2].

Here, we show that these genes have a complex evolutionary history in the genus Kluyveromyces that is likely the result of human activity during domestication. We show that the ancestral Lac12 was bifunctional, able to import both lactose and cellobiose into the cell. These disaccharides were then hydrolyzed by Lac4 in the case of lactose or Cel2 in the case of cellobiose. A second cellobiose transporter, Cel1, was also present ancestrally. In the K. lactis lineage, the ancestral LAC12 and LAC4 were lost and a separate upheaval in the sister species K. marxianus resulted in loss of CEL1 and quadruplication of LAC12.

One of these LAC12 genes became neofunctionalized to encode an efficient lactose transporter capable of supporting fermentation, specifically in dairy strains of K. marxianus, where it formed a LAC4-LAC12-CEL2 gene cluster, although another remained a cellobiose transporter. Then, the ability to ferment lactose was acquired very recently by K. lactis var. lactis by introgression of LAC12 and LAC4 on a 15-kb subtelomeric region from a dairy strain of K. marxianus. The genomic history of the LAC genes shows that strong selective pressures were imposed on yeasts by early dairy Conflict of interest statement The authors declare no competing interestsGenetic analysis on infrared-predicted milk minerals for Danish dairy cattle.

Zaalberg RM(1), Poulsen NA(2), Bovenhuis H(3), Sehested J(4), Larsen LB(2), A group of milk components that has shown potential to be predicted with milk spectra is milk minerals. Milk minerals are important for human health and cow health. Having an inexpensive and fast way to measure milk mineral concentrations would open doors for research, herd management, and selective breeding. The first aim of this study was to predict milk minerals with infrared milk spectra. Additionally, milk minerals were predicted with infrared-predicted fat, protein, and lactose content. The second aim was to perform a genetic analysis on infrared-predicted milk minerals, to identify QTL, and estimate variance components. For training and validating a multibreed prediction model for individual milk minerals, 264 Danish Jersey cows and 254 Danish Holstein cows were used.

Fucosylated oligosaccharides were built for Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Se, and Zn based on % of the cows, selected randomly.
My Website: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%27-Fucosyllactose