Notes

Electron microscopy revealed a decrease in circularity and an increase in g-ratio of myelinated fibers and a decrease of unmyelinated fibers in the sural nerves of the gcg-/- mice
Effects of glucagon on neurite outgrowth were examined using an ex vivo culture of dorsal root ganglia. glipizide side effects of glucagon promoted neurite outgrowth. In conclusion, the mice with deficiency of GCGDPs developed peripheral neuropathy with age. Furthermore, glucagon might have neuroprotective effects on the PNS of mice. GCGDPs might be involved in the pathology of DPN.Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this Use of GLP-1 RAs in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: A Practical Guide.

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas (I.L.). St. Michael's Hospital and Departments of Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (L.A.L.

).Surgery for diabetes at lower BMI: some caution.Glucagon-like peptide-2 inhibits antral emptying in man, but is not as potent as BACKGROUND: GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) and GLP-2 (glucagon-like peptide-2) are released in equimolar amounts in response to meal ingestion. GLP-1 inhibits gastric emptying and reduces postprandial gastric and exocrine pancreatic secretion and may play a physiological regulatory role in controlling appetite and energy intake in humans. The role of GLP-2 is more uncertain. Based on the results of animal studies, it has been suggested that GLP-2 may induce intestinal epithelial growth and inhibit gastric motility. The aim of this study was to determine to what extent GLP-2 alone or together with GLP-1 inhibits gastric emptying and the sensation of hunger in man.

METHODS: Eight healthy volunteers were tested in a double-blind, placebo-controlled fashion. Antral emptying of a liquid meal and hunger ratings were determined using ultrasound technology and visual analogue scales scoring during infusions of saline, GLP-2 (0, and 1 pmol kg body wt(-1) min(-1)), GLP-1 (0 pmol kg body wt(-1) min(-1)) or GLP-1 and GLP-2 (0 pmol kg body RESULTS: The GLP-2 infusions resulted in a dose-dependent increase in antral emptying time (35%; ns and 75%; P = 049) compared to saline, but GLP-2 was less potent than GLP-1, which increased the antral emptying time by 192% (P < 001). Addition of GLP-2 to the GLP-1 infusion did not alter the antral emptying time compared with GLP-1 alone. The GLP-1 infusion decreased the sensation of hunger compared with saline (P = 023), whereas the two GLP-2 infusions had no significant effect. Addition of GLP-2 to the GLP-1 infusion did not decrease the sensation of hunger further.CONCLUSIONS: Both GLP-1 and GLP-2 inhibit antral emptying in man, but GLP-1 is Cacao liquor procyanidins prevent postprandial hyperglycaemia by increasing glucagon-like peptide-1 activity and AMP-activated protein kinase in mice.University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.

Procyanidins have been reported to possess potential for the prevention of hyperglycaemia. However, there are very few data for procyanidins about the difference the degree of polymerisation (DP) has on anti-hyperglycaemic effects. Moreover, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which procyanidins suppress hyperglycaemia are not yet fully understood. In the present study, we prepared procyanidin fractions with different DP, namely low-DP (DP≤3) and high-DP (DP≥4) fractions, from a cacao liquor procyanidin-rich extract (CLPr). These fractions were administered orally to Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice and their anti-hyperglycaemic effects were examined. We found that CLPr and its fractions prevent postprandial hyperglycaemia accompanied by an increase in the plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) level with or without glucose load. In the absence of glucose load, both fractions increased the plasma insulin level and activated its downstream signalling pathway in skeletal muscle, resulting in promotion of the translocation of GLUT4.

Phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was also involved in the promotion of GLUT4 translocation. Pancreatic hormones and other blood sugar regulating drugs - and low-DP fractions showed a similar activation of insulin and AMPK pathways. In conclusion, cacao liquor procyanidins prevent hyperglycaemia by promoting GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle, and both the GLP-1-activated insulin pathway and the AMPK pathway are involved in the underlying molecular Comparative study on the modulation of incretin and insulin homeostasis by University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, Budapest, Hungary.The pancreatic secretion of insulin, a key endocrine regulator of metabolism and growth, can be greatly influenced by the gut-derived incretin hormones, namely by GIP (Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Peptide) and GLP-1 (Glucagon-like Peptide 1). As insulin is a major stimulator of growth, affecting its producion may be of special importance in food-producing livestock. The aim of the present study was to investigate novel ways of modulating incretin and insulin homeostasis in chickens and rabbits by nutrition, e.g.

by oral butyrate application, also studying the mechanisms of incretin action in both species as a comparative approach. Acute oral butyrate challenge significantly decreased plasma GIP levels by approx.
Read More: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1