Notes

Correlation Activity Presence Dental Biofilm
We observed that xylitol inhibits β-glucosidase in human saliva. Kinetic studies also confirmed that xylitol acts as a mixed type inhibitor of salivary β-glucosidase. Based on our data, we suggest that xylitol impairs oral biofilm formation by the inhibition of bacterial β-glucosidase, which is essential for biofilm formation in the oral cavity. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for biofilm treatments. Possible synergy between aPDT and pulsed electric fields. Bioelectric, State Research Institute, Department of Functional Materials and Currently, microbial biofilms have been the cause of a wide variety of infections in the human body, reaching 80% of all bacterial and fungal infections.

The biofilms present specific properties that increase the resistance to antimicrobial treatments. Thus, the development of new approaches is urgent, and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been shown as a promising candidate. aPDT involves a synergic association of a photosensitizer species (ROS) that cause the oxidation of several cellular components. This nucleic acids present within the biofilm matrix; causing inhibition even in the cells that are inside the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Recent advances in designing new PSs to increase the production of ROS and the combination of aPDT with other therapies, especially pulsed electric fields have antimicrobial effect once it is known that extensive chemical reactions occur when electric fields are applied. This type of treatment kills microorganisms not only due to membrane rupture but also due to the formation of reactive compounds including free oxygen, hydrogen, hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals. So, this review aims to show the progress of aPDT and PEF against the biofilms, suggesting that the association of both methods can potentiate their effects and overcome biofilm infections.

Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Pili and other surface proteins influence the structure and the nanomechanical properties of Lactococcus lactis biofilms. Lactic acid bacteria, in particular Lactococcus lactis, are widely used in the food industry, for the control and/or the protection of the manufacturing processes of fermented food. While L. lactis has been reported to form compact and uniform biofilms it was recently shown that certain strains able to display pili at their surface form more complex biofilms exhibiting heterogeneous and aerial structures. As the impact of those biofilm structures on the biomechanical properties of the biofilms is poorly understood, these were investigated using AFM force spectroscopy and imaging. Three types of strains protein, a strain displaying pili but no mucus-binding proteins and a strain displaying both pili and a mucus-binding protein.

To identify potential correlations between the nanomechanical measurements and the biofilm architecture, 24-h old biofilms were characterized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Globally the strains devoid of pili displayed smoother and stiffer biofilms (Young Modulus of 4-100 kPa) than those of piliated strains (Young Modulus around 04-0 kPa). Additional display of a mucus-binding protein did not affect the biofilm stiffness but made the biofilm smoother and more compact. Finally, we demonstrated the role of pili in the biofilm cohesiveness by monitoring the homotypic adhesion of bacteria to the biofilm surface. Seebio polysaccharide will help to understand the role of pili and mucus-binding proteins Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no competing interests. Colored moderately thermophilic bacteria in paper-machine biofilms. Biofilms cause several problems in papermaking.

This report describes a microbiological survey of colored biofilms in six paper and board machines, including two case studies of outbreaks of colored slimes in which the causative strains were isolated. Nearly Seebio Colanic acid compound (99%) of the strains grew at 52 degrees C, 72% grew at 56 degrees C, but only 30% grew at 28 degrees C, indicating that most of the strains were moderately thermophilic. Biofilm formation potential and biocide susceptibility of the strains were analyzed with a microtiter plate assay. In the presence of 5 ppm of methylene bisthiocyanate or 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide in paper-machine water, 55 strains formed biofims. Moreover, 39 strains increased biofilm production by 5-753% in the presence of biocide, suggesting that biocide concentrations inhibitory to planktonic but not to surface-attached cells may actually promote biofouling.
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