Notes

Bony callus stiffness indirectly assessed by the axial load-share ratio in vivo as a help guide to removing the monolateral outside fixator properly.
In the present study, the air pollution dynamics of the metropolitan cities of Balıkesir, Bursa, Istanbul, Kocaeli, Sakarya and Tekirdağ in the Marmara Region, which is the geographical region with the highest urban and industrial activity in Turkey, were examined for the time period between 2016 and 2019. Annual changes in the cities in terms of air pollution, which was examined with a focus on the PM2.5 parameter as indicated by United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); differences in the cities by years; and the seasonal changes in air pollution in the cities were investigated. Additionally, mortality rates attributed to air pollution were calculated with the AirQ + software based on integrated exposure-response function recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the UN using city-scale statistics of fatal disease cases that can be attributed to air pollution. It was determined that all cities in the Marmara Region study area exceeded the limit PM2.5 values specified by the European Union (EU) in the years 2016, 2017 and 2018 while only Kocaeli and Tekirdağ were below the limit values in 2019. The limit values specified by the WHO were exceeded in all cities in each year. A total of 46,920 premature deaths attributed to the exceedance of WHO limit values were calculated for the years 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 with 11,895, 13,853, 11,748 and 9,429, respectively. Determining national limit values for the PM2.5 parameter, which is among the most important factors of air pollution, and monitoring it in a sustainable manner using a sufficient number of well-equipped stations is of great importance. This way, national, regional and urban action plans regarding the impact of air pollution on human health, as indicated by UN SDGs, can be prepared.Environmental phenols, as endocrine disruptors, are used widely in personal care and consumer products. However, few studies have examined the association between phenol exposure, including bisphenol A (BPA), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), and triclosan, and the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003-2012). Urinary BPA, BP-3, and triclosan were measured with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The CVD was defined as a composite of 5 self-reported cardiovascular outcomes, including congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, heart attack or stroke. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between phenols and the prevalence of CVD. A total of 8164 participants were enrolled, and 740 (9.1%) were diagnosed of CVD. The average levels of BPA, BP-3, and triclosan concentrations were 3.38, 202.63, and 99.27 ng/mL respectively. Per 1-unit increasement in log-transformed urinary BPA was associated with increased risk of CVD after adjusting all covariates (odds ratio [OR] 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01 to 1.18, P  3.8). Restricted spline models confirmed that the association between BPA and the risk of CVD was non-linear (P = 0.045). Only BPA was associated with the risk of CVD, following a J-curve shaped relationship.The sol-gel route was used to synthesize a biophenolic resin from a blend of Kraft black liquor and condensed tannin. The biobased resin has an amorphous structure and diversified surface functional groups. The biomaterial thermal stability was improved by Kraft black liquor, which increased the fixed carbon yield by 19.78% in an oxidant medium and 9.07% in an inert medium. Moreover, the presence of fixed carbon and char is positively related to the material flame retardant property. Additionally, impedance measurements were used to understand the physical phenomena occurring at the polymeric matrix's interface and the material's final properties. The biobased resin characterization and the considerable increase in the presence of micropollutants in surface and water bodies suggest the new biomaterial application in the adsorption process. Thus, its adsorption capacity toward several organic and inorganic micropollutants and its effectiveness in complex water matrices were evaluated. Methylene blue was used ahyl orange (30.48 mg g-1). The results pointed that the adsorption efficiency of organic micropollutants increases with the distribution coefficient (logD), indicating the biobased resin affinity toward more lipophilic compounds and ionized species.Rapid urbanization is often accompanied by the irrational utilization of natural resources and environmental degradation. Ecological security pattern (ESP) is an effective way for rational allocation of resources, which is conducive to achieving sustainable development. Taking the central urban area Chongqing municipality as the study area, ecological sources were identified by integrating ecosystem services and landscape connectivity. Combining natural and anthropogenic factors, a resistance surface was constructed and modified, and four ecological function zones were determined. Ecological corridors were extracted and prioritized by Linkage Mapper and the gravity model, and ecological nodes were also obtained. A network connectivity assessment was performed to compare the connectivity of ESPs before and after optimization. The results showed that ESPs included 2453.72 km2 of ecological sources, 189 ecological corridors, 69 ecological nodes and 4 ecological function zones. The ecological sources primarily consisted of forestland, cultivated land and water bodies in Jinyun, Zhongliang, Tongluo, Mingyue and other mountainous areas, with the maximum distribution index value at the tenth level of the terrain niche index gradient. The Yangtze River and Jialing River were also the most important ecological sources. Ecological corridors were mainly dominated by forestland and cultivated land. Ecological nodes were concentrated in Yubei, Banan and Jiulongpo districts. The optimized ESPs had higher network connectivity and closure, with a more uniform distribution of ecological corridors, and included 2461.95 km2 of ecological sources, 218 ecological corridors and 72 ecological nodes. Finally, recommendations for sustainable development were proposed. This study provides a theoretical reference for decision-making related to ecological protection and urban planning.Traffic-related pollutants seriously affect human health, and the commute time to and from school is the time when students are exposed greatest to traffic pollution sources. Field measurements were conducted with hand-held instruments while walking along two selected commuting routes in winter and spring. The measured data were then compared with background monitoring data, and the respiratory deposition dose (RDD) was calculated to assess the exposure risk. selleck chemical Particulate matter intake from 2018 to 2020 was calculated. In winter, the average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were higher in the afternoon than in the morning. The highest concentration was 2.94 times greater than the background value. The low-concentration distribution area of the low-traffic route that is off the main road (route B) was more significant than that of the high-traffic route that is near the main road (route A). Moreover, the RDD of route B was consistently lower than that of route A, while the average annual amount of PM2.5 inhalation on route B in 3 years was 16.3% lower than that on route A. Overall, route B is more suitable than route A for students to commute on foot. Based on the findings, a walking route located within a community is a good choice.Building materials constitute a considerable portion of all the materials we use and about half the waste (in solid form) generated worldwide. Construction and demolishment (C&D) aggregates can be an invaluable source of construction material. If we measure the quantity of C&D waste in India, it will exceed the amount of all other types of hard solid wastes put together. Therefore, the use of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) in new construction is being encouraged worldwide. But due to the inferior compressive, mechanical strengths and poor durability performance, it cannot be qualified for structural usage. Hence, there is a need to treat these aggregates and produce better quality aggregates suitable for good structural grade concrete. The present work focuses on the study and comparison of the effects on durability performance due to different treatment techniques of recycled aggregates. Effective treatment techniques can potentially separate or strengthen the weaker portions of the recycled aggregates like the old adhered mortar and the ITZs formed due to them. Effects of different RCA treatment methods along with their combinations such as immersing aggregate in acid solution and silicate solution impregnation, multistage-mixing techniques, biologically induced carbonate precipitation, modifier solution impregnation, ultrasonic cleaning, crushing aggregates at multiple levels, and mechanical grinding are considered for analyzing their effectiveness in improving RCA durability. The durability performance of treated RCA is evaluated based on the improvement in the parameters such as water absorption and resistance to acid attack, permeability, chloride attack, and carbonation.Prenatal and postnatal exposures to heavy metals have been suggested to interfere with neurodevelopment, but the neurotoxicity of lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) is still unclear. In this study, we aimed to assess the associations between the levels of As, Cd, and Pb and children's neurodevelopment. A total of 299 mother-infant pairs were recruited in this study and their meconium were collected. After three years, 53 children underwent the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Bayley-III) examinations and provided hair and fingernail specimens. The levels of As, Cd, and Pb in the meconium, hair, and fingernail were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; the median levels were the following meconium, 42.7, 5.57, and 25.6 ng/g, respectively; hair, 0.19, 0.05, and 3.61 μg/g, respectively; and fingernail, 0.29, 0.04, and 0.84 μg/g, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, we found that the log-transformed levels of As in the hair samples was negatively associated with gross motor development (β =  - 0.032; 95% confidence interval - 0.061 to - 0.004). We conclude that postnatal exposure to As is a crucial period for gross motor development in children, while the effects of Cd and Pb on neurodevelopment are less clear.The exploration of oil and gas contributes to green-house-gas. While exploring countries ensures economic growth, their activities also contribute to environmental pollution through carbon emissions. The 13-member states of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) are the world's most important oil-producing and exporting countries. Since the safety of a country's oil and gas resources is related to the country's economic growth and environmental protection, this study aims at assessing the impact of oil and gas trading, foreign direct investment inflows, and economic growth on carbon emission for OPEC member countries. Using secondary data from 2000 to 2018, the authors utilized Stata and EViews statistical software for the empirical studies. The fully modified least squares (FMOLS) and the generalized methods of moments estimators were used for the multiple regression. The findings from the multiple regression analysis revealed a positive but statistically insignificant relationship between oil and gas export and carbon emissions.
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