Notes

Melatonin receptor signaling plays a part in neuroprotection about arousal via torpor within thirteen-lined ground squirrels.
Commercial hybrid breeding operations can be described as decentralized networks of smaller, more or less isolated breeding programs. see more There is further a tendency for the disproportionate use of successful inbred lines for generating the next generation of recombinants, which has led to a series of significant bottlenecks, particularly in the history of the North American and European maize germplasm. Both the decentralization and the disproportionate contribution of inbred lines reduce effective population size and constrain the accessible genetic space. Under these conditions, long term response to selection is not expected to be optimal under the classical infinitesimal model of quantitative genetics. In this study we therefore aim to propose a rationale for the success of large breeding operations in the context of genetic complexity arising from the structure and properties of interactive genetic networks. For this we use simulations based on the NK model of genetic architecture. We indeed found that constraining genetic space through program decentralization and disproportionate contribution of parental inbred lines, is required to expose additive genetic variation and thus facilitate heritable genetic gains under high levels of genetic complexity. These results introduce new insights into why the historically grown structure of hybrid breeding programs was successful in improving the yield potential of hybrid crops over the last century. We also hope that a renewed appreciation for "why things worked" in the past can guide the adoption of novel technologies and the design of future breeding strategies for navigating biological complexity.
To compare the long-term skeletal stability following maxillary advancement using Rigid External Distraction (RED) in growing and non-growing patients with Cleft Lip and Palate (CLP).

Data sources A systematic literature search was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines from database inception till August 2020 in MEDLINE-PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Science Direct, Google Scholar and a manual search in the institutional library. Study eligibility criteria, participants and intervention All available literature published in English, with a minimum of six human subjects with well-defined age range either 7-14.9 years or 15-30 years, follow up period of a minimum of 12 months assessing the skeletal stability as horizontal change at Point A (Subspinale) following maxillary advancement using a RED device, without the use of rigid internal fixation or bone grafts were included in the study. Study appraisal and synCLP, requiring large maxillary advancement. The technique can be used in young and adult patients with similar long-term results.

CRD42020205513.
CRD42020205513.
Accurate preoperative prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence after liver transplant is the mainstay of selection tools used by transplant-governing bodies to discern candidacy for patients with HCC. Although progress has been made, few tools incorporate objective measures of tumor biological characteristics, resulting in inclusion of patients with high recurrence rates and exclusion of others who could otherwise be cured.

To externally validate the New York/California (NYCA) score, a recently published multi-institutional US HCC selection tool that was the first model incorporating a dynamic α-fetoprotein response (AFP-R) and compare the validated score with currently accepted HCC selection tools, namely, the Milan Criteria (MC), the French-AFP (F-AFP), and Metroticket 2.0 models.

A retrospective, multicenter prognostic analysis of prospectively collected databases of 2236 adults undergoing liver transplant for HCC was conducted at 3 US, 1 Canadian, and 4 European centers from January 1pears to externally validate the importance of AFP-R in the selection of patients with HCC for liver transplant. The AFP-R represents one of the truly objective measures of biological characteristics available before transplantation. Incorporation of AFP-R into selection criteria allows safe expansion of MC and other models, offering liver transplant to patients with acceptable tumor biological characteristics who would otherwise be denied potential cure.
Topical corticosteroids are frequently used during pregnancy. Limited data have raised concerns about an increased risk of the newborn being small for gestational age (SGA) and having low birth weight, in particular with use of potent to very potent agents during pregnancy.

To evaluate whether topical corticosteroid use in pregnancy is associated with increased risks of SGA and low birth weight.

From a source cohort of 1.1 million pregnancies with individual-level informed data from various registries, this nationwide cohort study identified topical corticosteroid-exposed pregnancies in Denmark from January 1, 1997, to December 31, 2016, for a total of 60 497, that were matched with 241 986 unexposed pregnancies on the basis of propensity scores, including a wide set of baseline characteristics. Data analysis was performed from September 8, 2020, to February 23, 2021.

Filled prescriptions for topical corticosteroids during pregnancy.

Primary outcomes were SGA and low birth weight. Association betwee(RR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.95-1.46 for SGA and RR 1.14; 95% CI, 0.81-1.60 for low birth weight).

This large cohort study found no association between topical corticosteroid use in pregnancy and an increased risk of SGA or low birth weight. These results suggest that a moderate to large increase in the risk is unlikely, even when large amounts of potent to very potent topical corticosteroids are used in pregnancy.
This large cohort study found no association between topical corticosteroid use in pregnancy and an increased risk of SGA or low birth weight. These results suggest that a moderate to large increase in the risk is unlikely, even when large amounts of potent to very potent topical corticosteroids are used in pregnancy.
The ENIGMA clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis initiative, the largest pooled neuroimaging sample of individuals at CHR to date, aims to discover robust neurobiological markers of psychosis risk.

To investigate baseline structural neuroimaging differences between individuals at CHR and healthy controls as well as between participants at CHR who later developed a psychotic disorder (CHR-PS+) and those who did not (CHR-PS-).

In this case-control study, baseline T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were pooled from 31 international sites participating in the ENIGMA Clinical High Risk for Psychosis Working Group. CHR status was assessed using the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States or Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes. MRI scans were processed using harmonized protocols and analyzed within a mega-analysis and meta-analysis framework from January to October 2020.

Measures of regional cortical thickness (CT), surface area, and subcortical volumes were extracted from oup was similar to those reported in other large-scale investigations of psychosis. Additionally, a subset of these regions displayed abnormal age associations. Widespread disruptions in CT coupled with abnormal age associations in those at CHR may point to disruptions in postnatal brain developmental processes.
Racial/ethnic and sex disparities in suicide ideation and attempts are well established, with higher risk of suicide ideation and attempt among US racial/ethnic minority school-aged youths (than their White peers) and girls and women (than boys and men). The suicide-related risk of racial/ethnic minority young adults, especially young women, may be strongly influenced by adverse childhood experiences, known early determinants of suicide ideation and attempts.

To assess lifetime and past-year prevalence estimates of suicide ideation and suicide attempt and to examine sex differences in the role of adverse childhood experiences as a prospective risk factor for Puerto Rican young adults from 2 sociocultural contexts.

Data in this longitudinal cohort study are from 4 waves of the Boricua Youth Study, a population-based cohort study of Puerto Rican children from San Juan and Caguas, Puerto Rico, and the South Bronx, New York, 5 to 17 years of age (N = 2491; waves 1-3 2000-2004) and 15 to 29 years of age (wavnderstanding suicide attempt and suicide ideation, the latter specifically among young women. The prevention of cumulative adverse childhood experiences could reduce later risk of suicide attempts and, among young women, for suicide ideation.
Heart failure with recovered ejection fraction (HFrecEF) is a recently recognized phenotype of patients with a history of reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) that has subsequently normalized. It is unknown whether such LVEF improvement is associated with improvements in health status.

To examine changes in health-related quality of life in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) whose LVEF normalized, compared with those whose LVEF remains reduced and those with HF with preserved EF (HFpEF).

This prospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital from November 2016 to December 2018. Consecutive patients seen in a heart failure clinic who completed patient-reported outcome assessments were included. Clinical data were abstracted from the electronic health record. Data analysis was completed from February to December 2020.

Changes in Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire overall summary score, Visual Analog Scale score, and Patient-Reported Outpatients with HFrEF in this study, normalization of left ventricular systolic function was associated with a significant improvement in health-related quality of life.Comparative sequence analysis has enabled the annotation of millions of genes from organisms across the evolutionary tree. However, this approach has inherently biased the annotation of phylogenetically ubiquitous, rather than species-specific, functions. The ecologically unusual pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has evolved in humans as its sole reservoir and emerged as the leading bacterial cause of death worldwide. However, the physiological factors that define Mtb's pathogenicity are poorly understood. Here, we report the structure and function of a protein that is required for optimal in vitro fitness and bears homology to two distinct enzymes, Rv0812. Despite diversification of related orthologues into biochemically distinct enzyme families, rv0812 encodes a single active site with aminodeoxychorismate lyase and D-amino acid transaminase activities. The mutual exclusivity of substrate occupancy in this active site mediates coupling between nucleic acid and cell wall biosynthesis, prioritizing PABA over D-Ala/D-Glu biosynthesis. This bifunctionality reveals a novel, enzymatically encoded fail-safe mechanism that may help Mtb and other bacteria couple replication and division.Drosophila oocytes develop together with 15 sister germline nurse cells (NCs), which pass products to the oocyte through intercellular bridges. The NCs are completely eliminated during stages 12-14, but we discovered that at stage 10B, two specific NCs fuse with the oocyte and extrude their nuclei through a channel that opens in the anterior face of the oocyte. These nuclei extinguish in the ooplasm, leaving 2 enucleated and 13 nucleated NCs. At stage 11, the cell boundaries of the oocyte are mostly restored. Oocytes in egg chambers that fail to eliminate NC nuclei at stage 10B develop with abnormal morphology. These findings show that stage 10B NCs are distinguished by position and identity, and that NC elimination proceeds in two stages first at stage 10B and later at stages 12-14.
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