Notes

MiR-379-5p worsens fresh autoimmune uveitis throughout rats through damaging SEMA3A.
This study aims to formulate a risk classification system predicting the cancer-specific survival (CSS) for postoperative stage IB NSCLC patients without lymphovascular (LVI) and visceral pleural (VPI) invasion to guide treatment decision making and assist patient counseling.

A total of 4,238 patients were included in this study. Patients were randomly divided into training and validation cohorts (73). The risk factors were identified by Cox regression. Concordance index (C-index), calibration curves, and Decision Curve Analyses (DCAs) were used to evaluate the performance of nomogram. We applied X-tile to calculate the optimal cut-off points and develop a risk classification system. The Kaplan-Meier method was conducted to evaluate CSS in different risk groups, and the significance was evaluated by log-rank test.

Among the 4,238 patients, 1,014(23.9%) suffered cancer-specific death. In the training cohort, univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses revealed that age, gender, pathological subidualized evaluation of CSS and a risk classification system to identify patients in the different risk groups in stage IB NSCLC patients without LVI and VPI. These tools could be useful in guiding treatment decision making and assisting patient counseling.Complex broadband sounds are decomposed by peripheral auditory filters into a series of relatively narrowband signals, each with a slowly varying envelope (ENV) and a rapidly fluctuating temporal fine structure (TFS). ENV and TFS information at the bilateral ears contribute differentially to auditory perception. However, whether the difference could attribute to mechanisms of binaural integration remains an open question. As a potential neural correlate, subsets of neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) are known to integrate binaural information with binaural inhibition or binaural summation. Therefore, we recorded the frequency-following responses (FFRs) to the ENV and TFS components of narrowband noises in the ICC of anesthetized rats and examined changes in FFR amplitude and stimulus-response coherence under various sound-delivery settings. We showed that binaural FFRENV was predominantly elicited by contralateral inputs and inhibited by ipsilateral inputs, exhibiting a "binaural-inhibition" like property. On the other hand, binaural FFRTFS received a balanced contribution from both sides, echoing the "binaural-summation" mechanism. What is more, binaural FFRENV was significantly correlated with contralateral-evoked but not ipsilateral-evoked FFRENV, while binaural FFRTFS correlated with both contralateral- and ipsilateral-evoked FFRTFS. Overall, these results suggest distinct binaural processing of ENV and TFS information at the midbrain level.All animals carefully studied sleep, suggesting that sleep as a behavioral state exists in all animal life. Such evolutionary maintenance of an otherwise vulnerable period of environmental detachment suggests that sleep must be integral in fundamental biological needs. Despite over a century of research, the knowledge of what sleep does at the tissue, cellular or molecular levels remain cursory. Currently, sleep is defined based on behavioral criteria and physiological measures rather than at the cellular or molecular level. RG7440 Physiologically, sleep has been described as two main states, non-rapid eye moment (NREM) and REM/paradoxical sleep (PS), which are defined in the neocortex by synchronous oscillations and paradoxical wake-like activity, respectively. For decades, these two sleep states were believed to be defining characteristics of only mammalian and avian sleep. Recent work has revealed slow oscillation, silencing, and paradoxical/REM-like activities in reptiles, fish, flies, worms, and cephalopods suggesting that these sleep dynamics and associated physiological states may have emerged early in animal evolution. Here, we discuss these recent developments supporting the conservation of neural dynamics (silencing, oscillation, paradoxical activity) of sleep states across phylogeny.
Lateral medullary infarction mainly impairs the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. We aimed to investigate the utility of the assessment tools of swallowing function in patients with lateral medullary infarction and to determine the factors that could predict the outcomes of swallowing function.

15 patients with lateral medullary infarction who were admitted to Suiseikai Kajikawa Hospital between August 1, 2016, and March 31, 2020 (age 62.7 ± 14.8 years, 5 women) were enrolled in this prospective study. The diagnosis was made using brain magnetic resonance imaging. We analyzed the factors associated with severe swallowing dysfunction, which was defined as the necessity for tube feeding on the 90th day from admission, with multiple logistic regression analysis.

Multivariate analyses identified the repetitive saliva swallowing test, modified water swallowing test, and vertical spread of stroke lesions as independent significant factors affecting severe swallowing dysfunction (p=0.002, 0.016, and 0.011, respectively). The sub-scores of the pharyngeal phase of the Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability were also significantly associated with severe swallowing dysfunction (p < 0.001). However, tongue pressure, severe passage pattern abnormality on videofluoroscopic examination, and vertebral artery dissection were not significantly associated with swallowing dysfunction.

Since lateral medullary infarction presents with swallowing dysfunction mainly in the pharyngeal phase, tools that can be used to evaluate the pharyngeal phase of swallowing, such as repetitive saliva swallowing test and modified water swallowing test, are moreuseful than tongue pressure measurement.
Since lateral medullary infarction presents with swallowing dysfunction mainly in the pharyngeal phase, tools that can be used to evaluate the pharyngeal phase of swallowing, such as repetitive saliva swallowing test and modified water swallowing test, are moreuseful than tongue pressure measurement.Displacement chromatography can be used for the purification of many types of chemicals and biochemicals. In the constant-pattern mode, this method can be used for concentrating and separating various mixtures, leading to higher yields and sorbent productivities than elution chromatography. There are, however, no commercial-scale applications of displacement chromatography. One major barrier is the difficulty in specifying the design variables for reaching a constant-pattern state. A second barrier is that productivity is limited when the feed mixture contains a minority component. In this study, a constant-pattern design method is developed to overcome the first barrier. Theoretical analyses and strategically chosen combinations of key dimensionless groups are used for reducing the multi-dimensional parameter space into a two-dimensional space. Systematic rate model simulations are used to find a general correlation, which divides the two-dimensional space into a transient region and a constant-pattern region. A predictive design method based on the general correlation is developed to find the designs for achieving required product purities and yields with the highest productivities. The design method was shown to increase significantly the productivities or yields for the separations of three binary mixtures. To overcome the second barrier, a multi-zone displacement chromatography method is presented for dividing the separation tasks in multiple zones. For a specific ternary mixture containing a minority component, the sorbent productivity for a two-zone design was 680 times higher than that of a single-column design. This method can be used for developing efficient displacement chromatography processes for purifying a wide range of complex mixtures.
multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease sustained by several pathogenic mechanisms. As such, combination therapy strategies, targeting a range of disease mechanisms, might represent the ideal therapeutic approach. Here we investigated the efficacy of curcumin, a naturally occurring poly-phenolic phytochemical with potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, in subjects under treatment with IFN β-1a, to test the effects of this combination therapy on clinical and MRI parameters of inflammation and neurodegeneration in relapsing MS (RMS).

eighty active RMS were prospectively enrolled, randomized (11) to either the IFN-curcumin or the IFN-placebo group and followed up longitudinally with clinical and MRI assessments for 24 months. Primary endpoint was the efficacy of curcumin versus placebo as add-on therapy on new/enlarging T2 lesions in RMS subjects under treatment with subcutaneous IFN β-1a 44 mcg TIW. Efficacy on clinical parameters (relapses and disability progression), other MRI parameteruggestive of ongoing neurodegeneration. No difference in the rate and nature of adverse events was observed between the two treatment groups.

Although the study drop-out rate was too high to allow definite conclusions, our findings suggest that curcumin might add to IFN β-1a efficacy on radiological signs of inflammation in MS, while it did not seem to exert any neuroprotective effect as assessed by clinical and MRI parameters. (NCT01514370).
Although the study drop-out rate was too high to allow definite conclusions, our findings suggest that curcumin might add to IFN β-1a efficacy on radiological signs of inflammation in MS, while it did not seem to exert any neuroprotective effect as assessed by clinical and MRI parameters. (NCT01514370).
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare disorder in which astrocyte damage and/or demyelination often cause severe neurological deficits.

To identify Portuguese patients with NMOSD and assess their epidemiological/clinical characteristics.

This was a nationwide multicenter study. Twenty-four Portuguese adult and 3 neuropediatric centers following NMOSD patients were included.

A total of 180 patients met the 2015 Wingerchuk NMOSD criteria, 77 were AQP4-antibody positive (Abs+), 67 MOG-Abs+, and 36 seronegative. Point prevalence on December 31, 2018 was 1.71/100,000 for NMOSD, 0.71/100,000 for AQP4-Abs+, 0.65/100,000 for MOG-Abs+, and 0.35/100,000 for seronegative NMOSD. A total of 44 new NMOSD cases were identified during the two-year study period (11 AQP4-Abs+, 27 MOG-Abs+, and 6 seronegative). The annual incidence rate in that period was 0.21/100,000 person-years for NMOSD, 0.05/100,000 for AQP4-Abs+, 0.13/100,000 for MOG-Abs+, and 0.03/100,000 for seronegative NMOSD. AQP4-Abs+ predominated in females and was associated with autoimmune disorders. Frequently presented with myelitis. Area postrema syndrome was exclusive of this subtype, and associated with higher morbidity/mortality than other forms of NMOSD. MOG-Ab+ more often presented with optic neuritis, required less immunosuppression, and had better outcome.

Epidemiological/clinical NMOSD profiles in the Portuguese population are similar to other European countries.
Epidemiological/clinical NMOSD profiles in the Portuguese population are similar to other European countries.Nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) causes the permeabilization of the cell membrane and has been used to non-thermally treat cancerous tissues. As increased permeabilization in membranes were reported to be accompanied by impedance changes, the ablation effect of nsPEF on tissues can be monitored via the changes in tissue conductivity. In this study, effects of nsPEF on biological tissues were evaluated by determining the conductivities of potato and 4 T1-luc breast tumor tissues ex vivo from a murine model subjected to multiple 100-ns, 1-10 kV pulses. Using a four-needle electrode system with a calibrated electrode constant of 1.1 ± 0.1 cm, the conductivities of tissues was determined from both the network-analyzer measurement, before and after treatment, and voltage-current measurement in real-time. The conductivity of the potato tissue was measured for a frequency range of 0.1-3 MHz, and it increased with increasing pulse number and voltage amplitude. The conductivity of the tumor tissue was also observed to increase with pulse number and pulse voltage over a similar frequency range.
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