Notes

VirtualMicroscopy: ultra-fast active microscopy of gigapixel/terapixel images above world wide web.
37, 63.10, 55.37 % inhibition of Nitric oxide, IL-6, TNF-α respectively.

Our study demonstrated the anti-inflammatory action of 3-Acetylmyricadiol and can serve as a potential candidate in the development of the clinically efficient anti-inflammatory molecule.
Our study demonstrated the anti-inflammatory action of 3-Acetylmyricadiol and can serve as a potential candidate in the development of the clinically efficient anti-inflammatory molecule.Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are M2 phenotype dominant and promote tumor growth and metastasis. The new cancer treatment strategy includes TAM targeting and is aimed primarily at reprogramming TAMs toward the M1 phenotype or reducing the number and activity of M2 macrophages. Several marine invertebrate-derived drugs, combining efficacy and a low level of side effects, were approved for use in the cancer therapy. The mechanisms of action of some of them include TAM targeting. The review includes data showing immunomodulatory properties of these already approved anticancer drugs and drug candidates in clinical development which additionally incorporate data from screening studies of new substances from marine invertebrates. Azeliragon nmr Based on screening data, the most promising marine compounds for cancer immunotherapy are supposed.
Amphotericin B (AMB) is water-insoluble polyene, which has a broad spectrum of antifungal activity. The hydrophobic drug only exits in the phospholipid bilayer, leading to a low-drug liposomal loading capacity.

This study is designed to prepare water-soluble inclusion complex (IC) between AMB and cyclodextrin (CD) to formulate liposomal vesicles, double-loaded with drug molecules in the phospholipid bilayer and AMB/CD IC in the aqueous core.

Water-soluble AMB/CD IC was prepared by pH adjustment of the aqueous media and consequently characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Liposomes double-loaded with AMB were formulated by the thin-film hydration method and accordingly evaluated for vesicle size, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential and in vitro drug leakage.

Hydroxypropyl β cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) better solubilized AMB than both α-CD and β-CD e.g, the concentration of water-soluble AMB/HP-β-CD IC could reach 465 µg/mL. Both DSC and SEM data illustrated that the drug no longer existed in its crystalline form, a in AMB/HP-β-CD IC. Liposomes double-loaded with hydrophilic AMB/HP-β-CD IC and hydrophobic AMB had a diameter of 270 nm, polydispersity index less than 0.27 and zeta potential ca. - 42.8 mV. Moreover, liposomes double loaded with AMB enhanced drug-liposomal loading capacity by 25%, less leaked drug in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 at 37oC in comparison to liposomes loaded with only hydrophobic AMB.

Liposomes double loaded with AMB and AMB/HP-β-CD IC increased drug-encapsulation ability and in vitro stability, suggesting potential drug delivery systems.
Liposomes double loaded with AMB and AMB/HP-β-CD IC increased drug-encapsulation ability and in vitro stability, suggesting potential drug delivery systems.
Tamoxifen is widely used for treatment of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. It is, however, associated with severe side effects of cancerous proliferation on uterus endometrium. The tumor targeting formulation strategies can effectively overcome drug side effects of tamoxifen and provide safer drug treatment.

Designing tumor targeted PLGA nanoparticles of tamoxifen by attaching hyaluronic acid (HA) as ligand to actively target the CD44 receptors present at breast cancer cells surface.

PLGA-PEG-HA conjugate was synthesized in the laboratory and its tamoxifen loaded nanoparticles were fabricated and characterized by FTIR, NMR, DSC, and XRD analysis. Formulation optimization was done by Box- Behnken design using Design Expert software. The formulations were evaluated for in- vitro drug release and cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cell lines.

The particle size, PDI, and drug encapsulation efficiency of optimized nanoparticles were 294.8, 0.626, and 65.16% respectively. Optimized formulation showed 9.56 %f CD44 receptors of cell lines to HA ligand present in nanoparticles.Targeting inhibitory receptors on T cells in the tumor sites can promote effective anti-tumor immunity in bladder cancer. Unfortunately, the main dilemma is that a large number of patients remain refractory to CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 blockade therapies. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3) is an inhibitory receptor expressed on T cells and innate immune cells. Both in vivo and in vitro data from patients with advanced cancers support the role of Tim-3 inhibition in satisfactory anti-tumor immunity. In bladder cancer, the expression level of Tim-3 significantly increases with advanced pathological grade and T stage. Therefore, rationality implies that designing novel monoclonal antibodies reactive with Tim-3 alone or in combination with other checkpoint inhibitors may indicate a favorable response in bladder cancer. Here, we aimed to investigate the possibility of targeting Tim-3 as a novel anti-cancer treatment for bladder cancer.The prevalence of neurological disorders such as anxiety, depression, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer disease is increasing worldwide. Although exact mechanism is not clear but various factors and mechanism are involved in their pathogenesis. One of the major factors is diet which contributes to disease occurrence by stimulation of gut brain axis. This crosstalk between gut brain axis is not only involved in regulating gastrointestinal homeostasis but also influence behavior, motivation and cognitive function. Therefore, there is a significant need to explore this vast area, gut brain axis and its association with neurological disorders. It is well known fact that commonly prescribed antibiotics are responsible for dysbiosis on other hand food like probiotics are beneficial for maintain diversity of microbiome. In this review, we have compiled the reports and evidences that link gut brain axis to different neurological disorders as it will be helpful in identifying potential novel therapeutic drug targets. The effect of both western and healthy diet has been discussed which could be beneficial for encouraging people to opt for a healthy lifestyle.Despite the advent of novel therapies which manage and control diabetes well, the increased risk of morbidity and mortality in diabetic subjects is associated with the devastating secondary complications it produces. Long-standing diabetes majorly drives the cellular and molecular alterations which eventually damage both small and large blood vessels. The complications are prevalent both in type I and type II diabetic subjects. The microvascular complications include diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, while the macrovascular complications include diabetic heart disease and stroke. The current therapeutic strategy alleviates the complications to some extent but do not cure or prevent them perse, also the recent clinical trial outcomes in this field is disappointing. Success in the drug discovery of diabetic complications may be achieved by a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and in recognising the crucial factors contributing to the development and progression of the disease. In this review, we discuss the well-studied cellular mechanisms leading to the development and progression of diabetic complications. In addition, we also highlight the various therapeutic paradigms currently in clinical practice.
Andrographis paniculata, commonly known as "Kalmegh", is an annual herbaceous plant from family Acanthaceae. The whole plant of A. paniculata has explored for multiple pharmacological activities and is scientifically recognized by in-vivo and in-vitro studies. Various biotechnologically engineered techniques have been explored to enhance the bioavailability of this plant.

In this review, we aim to present comprehensive recent advances in the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, specific pharmacology, safety and toxicology and bioavailability of A. paniculata and its pure compounds. Possible directions for future research are also outlined in brief, which will encourage advance investigations on this plant.

Information on the recent updates of the present review is collected from different electronic scientific databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. All the composed information is classified into different sections according to the objective of the paper.

More than hundred l description of the subjected plant, phytochemical profile, various pharmacological activities, and recent approaches to enhance the bioavailability of active metabolites.
This review incorporated the scientifically validated research work encompassing the ethnobotanical description of the subjected plant, phytochemical profile, various pharmacological activities, and recent approaches to enhance the bioavailability of active metabolites.Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a highly metastatic tumor, and the liver is the first target, which restricts the use of medications. PDA is considered one of the most aggressive types of cancer in the world, with extremely short survival time, depending on the stage of diagnosis. In non-surgical cases, chemotherapy alternatives are only effective in 40% to 60% of patients. The low efficiency of treatments occurs mainly due to the complex microenvironment in PDA leading to chemoresistance to treatments and makes it difficult to access the drug. A very important histological characteristic of PDA is the extremely dense stroma, which leads to low vascularization of tumor tissue. Consequently, stroma environment causes less drug accumulation in tumor cells, even selective and/or targeted drugs. Overcoming the stroma's microenvironment is a major challenge for effective therapies that manage to get through this difficult access. Moreover, specific genes lead to direct chemoresistance of PDA, due to their high progression. In this scenario, nanotechnology appears as an alternative to overcome these clinical challenges that must be overcome concern two distinct ways the stroma and the tumor properly. Thus, this review aimed to bring advances in the application of nanotechnology aiming to open up new landscapes against PDA. There are a huge number of nanoparticles carrying drugs in preclinical and clinical trials for the effective treatment of PDA. These works were discussed and it was proposed, based on the current scenario, the future prospects for an efficient treatment of PDA.Sustainable crop improvement can help to feed the exploding human population in an era of shrinking cultivable lands and dwindling water resources. In this scenario, crop improvement using OMICS technologies may help to ensure food security and alleviate the rural poverty in poor countries. Additionally, the improved crops may help to cope with the problem of malnutrition in the different parts of the world, especially Africa. OMICS technologies are based on the knowledge gained through genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, interactomics and phenomics. This expert review article congregates recent knowledge of the emerging OMICS technologies and evaluates how their integrated application is improving important crops and the potential of these technologies in bringing a revolution in agriculture. Moreover, we have provided an analysis of various technical challenges and difficulties arising during application of OMICS technologies to crop plants which pose major restrictions to the implementation of these strategies.
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