Notes

Organic sweetening inside a man diet.
This finding was likely related to the lower absorption efficiency of larger rBC in winter, which partly offset the coating-induced light enhancement. Two stage of decreases in MMD and fcoatBC were observed, accompanied with a persistent decrease in rBC loading, thereby reflecting the discrepant effects of source control measures on rBC loading and physical properties. The control measures in the earlier stage before 2016 was more efficient to reduce the rBC loading but slightly influenced the microphysical properties of rBC. As of 2016, the reduction in rBC concentration slowed down because of its low atmospheric loading. However, rBC showed a more obvious decrease in its core size and became less coated. The decrease in fcoatBC may have weakened the BC absorption and accelerated the decrease in light absorption resulting from the reduction in rBC loading.While local anthropogenic emission sources contribute largely to deteriorate metro air quality, long range transport can also play a significant role in influencing levels of pollutants, particularly carbon monoxide (CO) that has a relatively long life span. A nationwide lockdown of two months imposed across India amid COVID-19 led to a dramatic decline in major sources of emissions except for household, mainly from cooking. This initially led to declined levels of CO in two of the largest megacities of India, Delhi and Mumbai under stable weather conditions, followed by a distinctly different variability under the influence of prevailing mesoscale circulation. We hereby trace the sources of CO from local emissions to transport pathways and interpret the observed variability in CO using the interactive WRF-Chem model and back trajectory analysis. For this purpose, COVID-19 emission inventory of CO has been estimated. Model results indicate a significant contribution from externally generated CO in Delhi from surrounding regions and an unusual peak on 17th May amid lockdown due to long range transport from the source region of biofuel emissions in central India. However, the oceanic winds played a larger role in keeping CO levels in check in a coastal megacity Mumbai which otherwise has high CO emissions from household sources due to a larger share of urban slums. Keeping track of evolving carbon-intensive pathways can help inform government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic to prioritize controls of emissions sources.Overuse of phosphorus (P) fertilizer and the resulting soil P accumulation in vegetable production increases the risk of P runoff and leaching. However, P transformations under continuous fertilization and their effects on environmental risk are unclear. The current study examined the effects of long-term P fertilizer application on P fractions in different soil layers, and assessed the correlations between P fractions and environmental risks in intensive vegetable production in a subtropical region. A total of 32 fields were studied, including 8 uncultivated fields and 24 fields continuously used for vegetable production for 1-3, 4-9, or 10-15 years. The results showed that excessive P fertilizer input caused soil P surpluses ranging from 204.6 to 252.4 kg ha-1 yr-1. Compared to uncultivated fields, vegetable fields contained higher levels of labile P, moderately labile P, sparingly labile P, and non-labile P. The combined percentage of labile P and moderately labile P increased from 55.2% in fields cultivated for 0-3 year to 65.5% in fields cultivated for 10-15 years. The concentrations of soil P fractions were higher at 0-20 cm soil depth than at 20-40 and 40-60 cm soil depth. Soil available P was positively correlated with all soil P fractions except diluted HCl-Pi or concentrated HCl-Po. Long-term vegetable production increased CaCl2-P downward movement, which was positively correlated with levels of labile and moderately labile P. The P index indicated a high risk of P losses from the vegetable fields. The P index was on average 3.27-fold higher in the vegetable fields than in uncultivated fields, and was significantly correlated with soil available P and organic and inorganic P fertilizer input. The environmental risk caused by P in vegetable production should be reduced by reducing P fertilizer input so as to maintain soil available P within an optimal range for vegetable production.Black bloom has become an increasingly severe environmental and ecological problem in lots of lakes. Ferrous monosulfide (FeS), which is closely related to chemical iron reduction (CIR), is considered the major cause for black water in shallow lakes, but few studies focus on the effect of organic matters (OM) content on iron and sulfate reduction and its contribution to the black bloom in deep lakes. Here, in Lake Fuxian, a Chinese deep lake which has also suffered from black bloom, FeS was identified responsible for the surface water blackness by using multiple microscopy and element analyses. Dissolved oxygen (DO) penetrated 1.6-4.2 mm in all sediment sites, further indicating FeS formed in the sediments instead of the permanently oxic water column. Geochemical characteristics revealed by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) showed that DGT-Fe2+ concentration was 57.6-1919.4 times higher than the DGT-S2- concentration and both were positively correlated with DGT-PO43-. Combining DGT profiles and anaerobic OM remineralization rate according to bag incubation, iron reduction is more effective than sulfate reduction although the two processes coexisted. Moreover, correlation of DGT-Fe2+ and DGT-PO43- was better than that of DGT-PO43- and DGT-S2- at OM-depleted sites but opposite at OM-rich sites. In addition, total organic carbon (TOC) was significantly positively related to acid volatile sulfide (AVS). LAscorbicacid2phosphatesesquimagnesium We therefore conclude that abundant OM potentially exacerbate chemical iron reduction and further lead to surface water blackness. Our study revealed the mechanisms behind the black bloom and gives credence to the management strategy of reducing OM loading to protect water quality in deep lakes.Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NP) are used as an efficient alternative to conventional Cu in agriculture and might end up in soils. They show a high toxicity towards cells and microorganisms, but only low toxicity towards soil invertebrates. However, most existing soil ecotoxicological studies were conducted in a sandy reference soil and at test concentrations ≥100 mg Cu/kg soil. Therefore, there is a knowledge gap concerning the effect of soil texture on the toxicity of CuO-NP at lower, more realistic test concentrations. In our study, a sandy reference soil and three loamy soils were spiked with CuO-NP at up to four concentrations, ranging from 5 to 158 mg Cu/kg. We investigated 28-day reproduction as well as weight and Cu content after 14-day bioaccumulation and subsequent 14-day elimination for the springtail Folsomia candida. For the first time we analysed the size distribution of CuO-NP in aqueous test soil extracts by single particle-ICP-MS which revealed that the diameter of CuO-NP significantly increased with increasing concentration, but did not vary between test soils. Negative effects on reproduction were only observed in loamy soils, most pronounced in a loamy-acidic soil (-61%), and they were always strongest at the lowest test concentration. The observed effects were much stronger than reported by other studies performed with sandy soils and higher CuO-NP concentrations. In the same soil and concentration, a moderate impact on growth (-28%) was observed, while Cu elimination from springtails was inhibited. Rather than Cu body concentration, the diameter of the CuO-NP taken up, as well as NP-clay interactions might play a crucial role regarding their toxicity. Our study reports for the first time toxic effects of CuO-NP towards a soil invertebrate at a low, realistic concentration range. The results strongly suggest including lower test concentrations and a range of soil types in nanotoxicity testing.Arsenic (As) contamination in groundwater is a global crisis that is known to cause cancers of the skin, bladder, and lungs, among other health issues, and affects millions of people around the world. Due to the time and financial constraints associated with establishing in-depth monitoring programs, it is difficult to monitor and map arsenic concentrations over time and across large areas. The goal of this study was to determine the most accurate Geographic Information Systems (GIS) interpolation method for mapping the effects of bioremediation on groundwater arsenic sequestration across a local-scale study area in northwest Florida (~900 m2) over the duration of a nine-month period (pre-injection, one-month post-injection, and nine-months post-injection). We used groundwater data collected from 2018 to 2019 to visualize arsenic contamination over time. Measured arsenic concentrations from 23 wells were grouped into three categories (1) decreasing, (2) fluctuating, or (3) largely unaffected by the bioremedia international and governmental organizations, industrial companies, and local communities on how to understand spatial and temporal distributions of arsenic contamination and inform bioremediation efforts at various scales in the future.To address the clogging issues in stormwater filtration systems, a drinking water treatment residual (DWTR)-based granule (DBG) substrate was developed herein by pyrolyzing and granulating the DWTR with bentonite and corncob. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure studies indicated that fabricating into DBG stabilized the Al and heavy metals in DWTR and restrained the leaching risk. Then the removal performance of phosphate (PO₄-P) and heavy metal ions by the DWTR and DBG was evaluated in batch and laboratory-scale column experiments. Results from batch tests showed that the amount of Pb(Ⅱ) adsorbed by DBG (18.47 ± 0.56 mg g⁻1) was approximately 2.3 times of that adsorbed by DWTR (8.05 ± 0.19 mg g⁻1), whereas the PO₄-P adsorption capacity of DBG (8.63 ± 0.24 mg g⁻1) was much lower than that of DWTR (25.33 ± 0.81 mg g⁻1). This could be ascribed to the addition of corncob and bentonite (at a mass ratio of 20% and 40% in DBG, respectively), which provided extremely high cation exchange capacity for the Pb(Ⅱ)on systems for urban runoff management.Urbanised estuaries, ports and harbours are often utilised for recreational purposes, notably recreational angling. Yet there has been little quantitative assessment of the footprint and intensity of these activities at scales suitable for spatial management. Urban and industrialised estuaries have previously been considered as having low conservation value, perhaps due to issues with contamination and disturbance. Studies in recent decades have demonstrated that many of these systems are still highly biodiverse and of high value to local residents. As a response, urbanised estuaries are now being considered by coastal spatial management initiatives, where assessments of recreational use in these areas can help avoid 'user-environmental' and 'user-user' conflict. The models of these activities need to be developed at a scale relevant to governments and regulatory authorities, but the few human-use models that do exist integrate fishing intensity to a regional or even continental scale; too large to capture the fine scale variation inherent in complex urban fisheries.
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