Notes

Heterogeneity associated with prodromal Parkinson signs within brothers and sisters associated with Parkinson ailment individuals.
Seemingly, such behaviors could increase the chance of death or injury caused by road traffic crashes among the road users and affect social welfare of the citizens and road user's safety.
To investigate the patients transferred by helicopters, as well as an emergent medical services that were performed for them.

In this retrospective cross-sectional study, all patients who were transferred by Fars province of Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) to Shiraz hospitals, southern Iran (March 2017-March 2019) were investigated. Patients' information was collected and analyzed includes age, gender, dispatch reason, trauma mechanisms, take hold of emergent medical services, as well as the air transportation time, time between dispatch from the origin hospital and starting the procedures, and patients' outcome.

Eighty-three patients were enrolled with the mean±SD age of 36.9±19.47 years that 75.9% had trauma (
<0.0001). Mental status deterioration (25.3%) was the most dispatched indications. The mortality rate was 13.25% totally (11.11% in traumatic vs. 10% in non-traumatic). The mean±SD of air transportation time was significantly lower than ground transportation in both traumatic (
=0.0013) and non-traumatic (
<0.0001) patients. Also, the mean±SD of time between dispatch from the origin hospital and starting the procedures was statistically lower in air transportation in both traumatic (
=0.0028) and non-traumatic (
=0.0017) patients.

Most of the patients transferred by HEMS were traumatic. The air transportation time as well as the time between dispatches from the origin hospital to the starting of the procedures were significantly lower in HEMS in comparison with ground transportation for both traumatic and non-traumatic patients.
Most of the patients transferred by HEMS were traumatic. The air transportation time as well as the time between dispatches from the origin hospital to the starting of the procedures were significantly lower in HEMS in comparison with ground transportation for both traumatic and non-traumatic patients.
To determine the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of ultrasound to diagnose the patients with tendon rupture of upper extremity referred to Taleghani Hospital's center of Kermanshah in 2019.

This was a diagnostic value study which performed on 113 patients with non-fracture penetrating hand trauma. In the first stage, all patients have been diagnosed with tendon injury by a first-year resident and then ultrasound was performed by a trained 2
year resident in emergency medicine ward and the results were recorded in a checklist. Further examination of the tendon was performed as well as exploring the site for the patients after the patient was transferred to the orthopaedic service. Final result was recorded in the checklist. Data were analysed by SPSS software and sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound have been calculated.

Results showed that ultrasound was able to identify 73 patients of 77 individuals with tendon injury. Of the patients with complete rupture, 45 individuals were correctly dirather than radiologists.
Overall, the results of the present study show that ultrasound is not very sensitive and specific in diagnosing of upper extremity tendon rupture and cannot be used as a reliable alternative in diagnosing of upper exteremity rupture; however, further studies is essential according to the limitations of this research. The limitations were low sample size in subgroups analysis based on the presence of complete or partial rupture and performing the ultrasound by an emergency medicine resident who is less experienced rather than radiologists.
To compare the stability of the radius stabilized fractured parts by volar and dorsal planting based on modeling approach.

Ten forearm models were created based on Computed Tomography (CT) Scan images by using of Mimics software. The distal part fracture of radius was induced in the models. The stress were developed and implanted in various parts of the bone and and their displacement were evaluated in volar and dorsal inserted implants.

The results of this study showed that the stress developed in screws, implant and bony parts differed significantly between volar and dorsal plate conditions. The displacement of implant and bony parts in volar plating was more than dorsal plating (
=0.05). However, the screws displacement in dorsal plating significantly increased compared to volar plating.

The stress developed in dorsal and volar implants is not too high to fail the structure. However, it seems that the irritation of soft tissue and tendon would be less in volar inserted implant than dorsal implant. It is recommended to use valor plating to be a good approach for stabilizing the distal part fracture of radius.
The stress developed in dorsal and volar implants is not too high to fail the structure. However, it seems that the irritation of soft tissue and tendon would be less in volar inserted implant than dorsal implant. It is recommended to use valor plating to be a good approach for stabilizing the distal part fracture of radius.
To assess the preparedness of Iranian hospitals against earthquake.

In this systematic review, a query was carried out on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, Sid, Irandoc, Google scholar, and Magiran databases for articles published between 2000-2019. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square and I2 tests at a confidence interval of 95%. Finally, out of 7458 studies, 10 related articles were analyzed.

As evidenced by the obtained results, the highest readiness was obtained at 0.709 (95% CI 0.49-0.88) in "disaster plan", while the lowest readiness was reported at 0.455 (95% CI 0.23-0.68) in "structural safety". The overall earthquake preparedness of these hospitals was calculated at 0.47 (95% CI 0.37-0.56).

The results of the present study pointed to the moderate level of earthquake preparedness in Iranian hospitals. This finding highlights the necessity of a training plan and implementation of a national program in all hospitals of the country to increase earthquake preparedness.
The results of the present study pointed to the moderate level of earthquake preparedness in Iranian hospitals. This finding highlights the necessity of a training plan and implementation of a national program in all hospitals of the country to increase earthquake preparedness.The aberrant upregulation of protein arginine deiminase 2- (PAD2-) catalyzed citrullination is reported in various autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis) and several cancers. Currently, there are no anti-PAD2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that can inhibit the citrullination reaction. Here, an epitope 341YLNRGDRWIQDEIEFGY357 was examined as an antigenic site of PAD2. Chickens were immunized with this epitope, and the generated mAbs were screened for its reactivity against the full-length PAD2. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that six mAbs, which were screened from the phage display library, crossreacted with mouse PAD2. Kinetic analysis revealed that mAbs are bound to PAD2 in the nanomolar range, which indicated a strong binding. Results of the in vitro citrullination inhibition assay revealed that the half-maximal effective concentration values of mAbs for the inhibition of histone or benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester citrullination were in the range of 6-75 nM which supports strong inhibition capabilities. Alanine scanning of epitope revealed that the peptide fragment 344RGDRWIQDEIEF355 was responsible for generating strong antibody responses that inhibit the PAD2-catalyzed citrullination reaction. These antibodies can aid in understanding the extracellular PAD2 function and treating diseases associated with aberrant citrullination.Macrophages play important roles in the innate and acquired immune responses against Leishmania parasites. Depending on the subset and activation status, macrophages may eliminate intracellular parasites; however, these host cells also can offer a safe environment for Leishmania replication. In this sense, the fate of the parasite may be influenced by the phenotype of the infected macrophage, linked to the subtype of classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. In the present study, M1 and M2 macrophage subsets were analyzed by double-staining immunohistochemistry in skin biopsies from patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) caused by L. (L.) amazonensis, L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) panamensis ,and L. (L.) infantum chagasi. High number of M1 macrophages was detected in nonulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL) caused by L. (L.) infantum chagasi (M1 = 112 ± 12, M2 = 43 ± 12 cells/mm2). On the other side, high density of M2 macrophages was observed in the skin lesions of patients with anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (ADCL) (M1 = 195 ± 25, M2 = 616 ± 114), followed by cases of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) caused by L. (L.) amazonensis (M1 = 97 ± 24, M2 = 219 ± 29), L. (V.) panamensis (M1 = 71 ± 14, M2 = 164 ± 14), and L. (V.) braziliensis (M1 = 50 ± 13, M2 = 53 ± 10); however, low density of M2 macrophages was observed in NUCL. The data presented herein show the polarization of macrophages in skin lesions caused by different Leishmania species that may be related with the outcome of the disease.
Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the most common cause of blindness in the working-age population. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) allows detection and monitoring of the edema and a detailed analysis of the retinal structure. Hyperreflective foci (HF) are small, circumscribed lesions on OCT, and their origin is yet to be determined. Our study was aimed to shed light on HF pathophysiology, by analyzing their number and location in DME patients at baseline and after therapy.

A prospective, observational study on 59 eyes of 51 DME patients who were treated with antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy (VEGF group,
= 40 eyes) or dexamethasone implant (DEX group,
= 19). AD80 solubility dmso HF and hard exudates (HE) were discriminated by their appearance on fundus photographs and their size on OCT. Quantity and location of HF and HE were analyzed at baseline and after therapy.

DME decreased in 75% of patients in the VEGF (455.5 
m vs. 380.8 
m,
= 0.02) and in 95% of patients in the DEuggest inflammatory cells as their origin, whereas larger HF in the outer retinal layers correspond to microexudates. Furthermore, we found a more favourable outcome in patients with HF after treatment with dexamethasone implants compared to anti-VEGF agents.
Recent studies have shown that the slightly elevated circulating levels of ketone bodies (KBs) played a significant role in the treatment of various diseases. This study is aimed at investigating the association between different levels of KBs and kidney function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

A retrospective study of 955 patients with T2DM (426 women and 529 men) admitted to our hospital from December 2017 to September 2019 was conducted. Patients were divided into different groups in line with the levels of KBs (low-normal group 0.02-0.04 mmol/L, middle-normal group 0.05-0.08 mmol/L, high-normal group 0.09-0.27 mmol/L, and slightly elevated group >0.27 and <3.0 mmol/L).

In the present study, individuals with high-normal levels of KBs had the lowest risk of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and increased peak systolic velocity (PSV); those with middle-normal levels of KBs had the lowest risk of increased renal arterial resistive index (RI), with a positive correlation between increased
1-microglobulin and KB concentration.
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