Notes

Circulation electrochemistry: a safe and secure instrument pertaining to fluorine biochemistry.
Hemostatic resuscitation strategy using blood components with a balanced ratio is adopted in the civilian trauma setting. However, there is usually limited availability of blood components in the austere setting. Warm fresh whole blood (WFWB) has been used for trauma patients with life-threatening hemorrhage necessitating massive transfusions in the Okinawa Islands, Japan. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of WFWB use in the austere civilian trauma setting.

We conducted a retrospective cohort study between January 1999 and June 2019, including trauma patients who received WFWB within 24 hours of admission. Immediately after WFWB was collected from blood donors, the sample was typed and screened for transmissible infectious diseases. Approximately half of the study population received irradiated WFWB to prevent graft versus host disease. We evaluated the incidence of transfusion-associated adverse events. Transfusion requirements and patient outcomes were compared betweenatment cost.

Therapeutic, Level IV.
Therapeutic, Level IV.
Firearm injuries are the second leading cause of death among US children. While injury prevention has been shown to be effective for blunt mechanisms of injury, the rising incidence of accidental gunshot wounds, school shootings, and interpersonal gun violence suggests otherwise for firearm-related injuries. The purpose of the study is to describe the incidence, injury severity, and institutional costs of pediatric gun-related injuries in Colorado.

Pediatric patients (≤18 years), who sustained firearm injuries between 2008 and 2018, were identified from the trauma registries of three pediatric trauma centers in Colorado. Patients were stratified based on age those younger than 14 years were defined as children and those 15 years to 18 years as adolescents.

Our cohort (n = 308) was predominantly male (87%), with a median age of 14 years. The overall mortality rate was 11% (34/308), with significantly fewer children (5%) dying from their injuries when compared with adolescents (14%; p = 0.04). Sixty-five these patients.

Epidemiological, Level III.
Epidemiological, Level III.
To analyze and describe serial follow-up of choriocapillaris alterations in tubercular serpiginouslike choroiditis (SLC) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and to compare it with multimodal imaging.

In this prospective cohort study, patients with active tubercular SLC underwent OCTA using Optovue RTVue XR Avanti and other imaging techniques including enhanced-depth imaging OCT (EDI-OCT) (Heidelberg Spectralis; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany), fundus autofluorescence, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green angiography. Serial imaging was performed for a total follow-up of 3 months. Choriocapillaris alterations at the site of lesions were analyzed on OCTA imaging, and their mean lesion areas were calculated.

Twenty-six eyes (26 patients; 20 males; mean age 32.68 ± 10.56 years) were included. Fourteen eyes had active multifocal lesions (n = 39), whereas 12 eyes had active placoid lesions (n = 12). At baseline, OCTA showed hyporeflective flow deficit lesions correspon OCTA analysis reveals that large tubercular SLC lesions result in choriocapillaris atrophy as the lesions heal, whereas smaller multifocal lesions show resolution of choriocapillaris hypoperfusion with minimal atrophy.
To report the frequency, optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings, and visual and anatomic outcomes of patients with acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease presenting with the bacillary layer detachment (BLD) (intraretinal split at the photoreceptor inner segment myoid).

This was a retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease having a minimum follow-up of 6 months. All patients had swept-source OCT, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green angiography performed at baseline. The characteristics of serial swept-source OCT were recorded and analyzed.

Sixty-two subjects (42 women; age 34.2 ± 12 years) with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease were included. 118 eyes (95.2%) had serous retinal detachment at presentation. 112 eyes (94.9%) showed the BLD at baseline. In 8 of 112 (7.1%) eyes with the BLD, the external limiting membrane at the anterior aspect of the BLD showed focal discontinuity. The interdigitation zone at the base of the BLD showed discontinuity inrentiated from serous retinal detachment using swept-source OCT. In addition, resolution of the BLD and photoreceptor recovery can be evaluated using serial swept-source OCT.
To evaluate the refractive outcomes of sutureless intrascleral fixation of intraocular lens with pars plana vitrectomy.

A retrospective, consecutive cohort from multiple surgeons of a single center. Primary outcomes included spherical equivalent (SEQ) and change in SEQ (ΔSEQ) from preoperative intraocular lens power calculations. Secondary outcomes included refractive outcomes of fixation at 1.5 mm, 2 mm, and 2.5 mm posterior to the limbus.

In total, 84 eyes of 80 patients were included. Preoperative logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity was 1.21 ± 0.68 (20/320). The mean follow-up time was 2.33 ± 1.36 years. At 3 months, SEQ was -0.50 ± 1.59 D and ΔSEQ was 0.58 ± 1.49 D. RMC-7977 At 1 year, SEQ was -0.55 ± 1.32 D and ΔSEQ was 0.39 ± 1.42 D. At the last follow-up, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity was 0.34 ± 0.34 (20/40), SEQ was -0.51 ± 1.44 D, and ΔSEQ was 0.57 ± 1.27 D. There was no difference between SEQ or ΔSEQ throughout follow-up (P = 0.97 and P = 0.96, respectively). At fixation distances more posterior to the limbus, mean ΔSEQ was more hyperopic at 3 months, 1-year, and the last follow-up (P = 0.02, P = 0.01, and P = 0.006, respectively).

Refractive outcomes for sutureless intrascleral fixation of intraocular lens with pars plana vitrectomy were favorable and showed stability postoperatively. These results may aid surgeons achieve better desired refractive outcomes for this technique.
Refractive outcomes for sutureless intrascleral fixation of intraocular lens with pars plana vitrectomy were favorable and showed stability postoperatively. These results may aid surgeons achieve better desired refractive outcomes for this technique.
The performance of resistance exercise has evidenced to induce abrupt intraocular pressure (IOP) changes, which has been linked to the onset and progression of glaucoma. We found that four different isometric resistance exercises lead to an instantaneous and progressive IOP elevation, with these changes being independent of the type of exercise.

The impact of physical exercise on IOP has demonstrated to be dependent on exercise type and intesity, as well as individuals' characteristics. In this study, we aimed to explore the influence of the load, exercise type, and participant's sex on the IOP behavior during a 2-minute isometric effort.

Twenty-eight physically active collegiate students performed 2 minutes of isometric exercise in the military press, biceps curl, leg extension, and calf raise exercises against two different loads (high load and low load). Intraocular pressure was measured by rebound tonometry before, during (semicontinuos assessment [24 measurements]), and after 10 seconds of recoverytype and participant's sex. After exercise, IOP rapidly retuned to baseline levels (within 10 seconds). The inclusion of glaucoma patients in future studies is guarranteed.
We show that the amplitude of accommodation decreases with retinal illumination even under photopic reading conditions and a constant pupil size. This result provides a basis for clinical approaches that are not based on an optical explanation.

We investigated the effect of retinal illuminance on the amplitude of accommodation while the pupil of the eye remained constant.

The amplitudes of accommodation of 10 young subjects (from 20 to 38 years of age) and that of 10 presbyopic subjects (from 45 to 54 years of age) were measured subjectively through an artificial pupil of 5 mm using a Badal optometer and for four values of retinal illuminance 222, 821, 2138, and 5074 trolands. Phenylephrine was instilled to all the subjects to ensure that their natural pupil was greater than the artificial one in all experimental runs. Linear mixed-effects model for repeated measures with age and log luminance as covariates were used to check whether changes in amplitude of accommodation with retinal illumination were statistically significant.

In the range of illuminances tested, the amplitude of accommodation decreased on average from 6.34 to 4.35 D in the young subjects and from 1.69 to 1.04 D in the presbyopic subjects. Illuminance was associated with the amplitude of accommodation in both young and presbyopic groups, with P < .01.

The reduction in the amplitude of accommodation with target illumination (a phenomenon named night presbyopia) under photopic light conditions is not only due to a reduction in the depth of focus as a consequence of pupil dilation; it is strongly affected by the decrease of retinal illumination.
The reduction in the amplitude of accommodation with target illumination (a phenomenon named night presbyopia) under photopic light conditions is not only due to a reduction in the depth of focus as a consequence of pupil dilation; it is strongly affected by the decrease of retinal illumination.
The prevalence of myopia and use of electronic displays by children has grown rapidly in recent years. We found that children viewing electronic displays, however, experience hyperopic defocus levels similar to those previously reported for other stimuli.

This study aimed to compare accommodative behavior of nonmyopic and myopic children viewing a computer screen or mobile phone.

Accommodative behavior was examined in 11 nonmyopic and 8 myopic children (11.32 ± 2.90 and 14.13 ± 2.30 years, respectively; P = .04; refractions, +0.51 ± 0.51 and -2.54 ± 1.29, respectively) using an open-field autorefractor (Grand Seiko) at target vergences from -0.25 to -5.00 D. Different size (scaled or nonscaled) and type (text or movie) stimuli were presented on an LCD monitor (distant) or an iPhone (near), with subjects viewing monocularly or binocularly in an illuminated or dark room.

At the typical reading distances (20 and 33 cm), all 19 children exhibited some amount of accommodative lag. Stimulus type had little ounts of hyperopic defocus are present in children binocularly viewing handheld electronic devices (nonmyopes slightly more than myopes). Modern electronic devices do not expose children to unusually high levels of hyperopic defocus.
We validated a novel paradigm to measure aniseikonia across the visual field and used a mathematical approach that is able to describe the magnitude and shape of aniseikonia in a concise, clinically meaningful fashion.

The measurement of aniseikonia has been performed clinically for more than half a century; however, amalgamation of field-wide local variations in binocular spatial localization into clinically applicable global metrics has yet to be attempted. Thus, the goal of the current study was twofold first, to measure field-wide aniseikonia and second, to compare how local and global metrics each capture optically induced aniseikonia.

Twelve visually normal observers performed a dichoptic localization task at 24 locations in the visual field. This was done in four conditions (A) while wearing red-green filters, (B) while wearing green-red filters, (C) while wearing a monocular 5% overall size lens, and (D) while wearing a monocular 6% meridional size lens. The physical settings at perceptual equality were then used to compute both local (relative magnification) and global (coefficients for Zernike terms) descriptors of aniseikonia.
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