Notes

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Radiation-induced skin injury is one of the main adverse effects and a dose-limiting factor of radiotherapy without feasible treatment. The underlying mechanism of this disease is still limited.

To investigate the potential molecular pathways and mechanisms of radiation-induced skin injury.

mRNA expression profiles were determined by Affymetrix Human HTA2.0 microarray.IFI6 overexpression and knockdown were mediated by lentivirus. The functional changes of skin cells were measured by flow cytometry, ROS probe and Edu probe. Protein distribution was detected by immunofluorescence experiment, and IFI6-interacting proteins were detected by immunoprecipitation (IP) combined with mass spectrometry. The global gene changes in IFI6-overexpressed skin cells after irradiation were detected by RNA-seq.

mRNA expression profiling showed 50 upregulated and 13 down regulated genes and interferon alpha inducible protein 6 (IFI6) was top upregulated. Overexpression of IFI6 promoted cell proliferation and reduced cell apoptosis as well as ROS production following radiation, and conversely, increased the radiosensitivity of HaCaT and human skin fibroblast (WS1). IFI6 was translocated into nucleus in irradiated skin cells and the interacting relationship with mitochondrial single-stranded DNA-binding protein 1 (SSBP1), which could enhance the transcriptional activity of heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1).IFI6 augmented HSF1 activity following radiation in HaCaT and WS1 cells. RNA-seq analysis showed IFI6 modulated virus infection and cellular response to stress pathways, which may help to further explore how IFI6 regulate the transcriptional activity of HSF1.

This study reveals that IFI6 is induced by ionizing radiation and confers radioprotection in skin cells.
This study reveals that IFI6 is induced by ionizing radiation and confers radioprotection in skin cells.With the ongoing globalization of the pharmaceutical industry, efforts to harmonize technical requirements of registering drugs and biologics, including vaccines, have produced a number of useful guidelines utilized around the world. However, such efforts have not been extended to the regulatory review process or product labeling. Prescribing information and patient information leaflet are two types of such product labeling documents. This study examined the differences in the languages of these documents between the United States (US) and European Union (EU). The key documents examined were the U.S. Food & Drug Administration's (FDA) Package Inserts (PIs), U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Vaccine Information Statements (VISs), and the European Medicines Agency's (EMA) Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPCs) and Package Leaflets (PLs). Prescribing information and patient information leaflet languages were subsequently organized into ten and seven categories, respectively. Comparison of FDA PIs to EMA SmPCs showed little harmonization between the two regions, and CDC VISs to EMA PLs revealed even less.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends vaccination of health workers against influenza, but uptake in low-resource settings remains low. To complement routine global data collection efforts we conducted a detailed survey on influenza vaccination policies for health workers in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) in early 2020.

Health worker vaccination policy data were collected via a web-based survey tool sent to Expanded Programme on Immunization managers or equivalent managers of all eligible countries. High-income countries and countries with active civil war were excluded from the participation. The survey was sent by email to 109 LMICs in all WHO Regions to invite participation. Data were analyzed by World Bank income category and WHO Region. Statistical methods were applied to assess mean vaccination rates across countries.

Sixty-eight (62%) out of 109 invited LMICs were studied. Thirty-five (51.5%) reported to have a policy for influenza vaccination of health workers. VaccinatiDespite policies being in place in more than half LMICs studied, gaps remain in translating vaccination policies to action, particularly in low-income and African Region countries. To optimize the operationalization of policies, further research is needed within countries, to enable evidence-based introduction decisions, categorization of health workers for vaccination, identification of factors impacting effective service delivery, strengthening monitoring and estimation of vaccination uptake rates and ensure sustainability of funding.
A lower conversion vaccination rate and a more rapid decline in antibody titers over time in dialysis patients raise concerns about the effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccination (PV) in this population, which has not been systematically reviewed.

We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase and three Chinese databases from inception until February 29th, 2020 for interventional, cohort and case-control studies evaluating PV alone or combined with influenza vaccination (IV) on outcomes (all-cause mortality, pneumonia, cardiovascular events, antibody response and safety). Independent reviewers completed citation screening, data extraction, risk assessment, meta-analysis, and GRADE rating of the quality of evidence.

Five cohort studies and one quasirandomized control trial enrolling 394,299 dialysis patients with high to moderate quality were included. Compared with unvaccinated individuals, those receiving PV had lower risk of all-cause mortality [Adjusted relative risk (RR) 0.73, 95% CI 0.67-0.79, I
=31.ll-cause mortality but may be affected by residual confounding/healthy vaccinee bias.Sjögren's Syndrome (SjS) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease causing xerostomia, xerophthalmia, and systemic symptoms. The principal pathological finding in SjS is the accumulation of lymphocytes in exocrine glandular tissue and elsewhere, leading to secretory dysfunction and other abnormalities. A rational therapeutic approach might be to interfere with lymphocyte migration to the periphery from central lymphoid tissues. We thus examined in an animal model of SjS the effects of Fingolimod (FTY720, Gilenya™), which interferes with migration of lymphocytes to peripheral sites. Fingolimod induces sequestration of lymphocytes in lymphoid organs by altering lymphocyte expression of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors. In the C57Bl/6. NOD.Aec1Aec2 (AEC) model of SjS, Fingolimod reduced circulating T and B cell numbers. Treatment of AEC mice with Fingolimod increased salivary output and decreased the size of salivary gland infiltrates. Oral Fingolimod thus merits further consideration in the management of SjS in humans.
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of perceived social support of mothers who were Syrian refugees in Turkey on attitudes toward feeding their babies.

This study used a cross-sectional design and investigated the demographic characteristics, perceived social support, and infant feeding attitudes of the mothers who migrated from Syria and came to the Health Education Center for Immigrants to receive healthcare services.

The mean age of the mothers (n=150) who participated in the study was 24.51+5.84years, and the mean duration of their stay in Turkey was 4.12±1.57years. The mean number of pregnancies of the mothers was 2.62±1.4, and the mean number of children was 2.33±1.28. As a result of the analysis, we have determined that thesub-dimension of perceived social support from a special person significantly affects the continuation of breastfeeding of mothers during the first six months (p<0.05). The perceived social support of mothers and other variables in the model were found to explain 14.6% of the breastfeeding attitude.

The attitudes of Syrian mothers toward feeding their babies were affected by perceived social support from a special person. It is recommended to aidsocial support systems for immigrant women to develop positive attitudes toward breastfeeding.
The attitudes of Syrian mothers toward feeding their babies were affected by perceived social support from a special person. It is recommended to aidsocial support systems for immigrant women to develop positive attitudes toward breastfeeding.
Female and male critically ill septic patients might differ with regards to risk distribution, management, and outcomes. We aimed to compare male versus female septic patients in a large collective with regards to baseline risk distribution and outcomes.

In total, 17,146 patients were included in this analysis, 8781 (51%) male and 8365 (49%) female patients. The primary endpoint was ICU-mortality. Baseline characteristics and data on organ support were documented. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were used to assess sex-specific differences.

Female patients had lower SOFA scores (5±5vs. 6±6; p<0.001) and creatinine (1.20±1.35vs. 1.40±1.54; p<0.001). In the total cohort, the ICU mortality was 10% and similar between female and male (10% vs. 10%; p=0.34) patients. The ICU remained similar between sexes after adjustment in model-1 (aOR 1.05 95% CI 0.95-1.16; p=0.34); model-2 (aOR 0.91 95% CI 0.79-1.05; p=0.18) and model-3 (aOR 0.93 95% CI 0.80-1.07; p=0.29). In sensitivity analyses, no major sex-specific differences in mortality could be detected.

In this study no clinically relevant sex-specific mortality differences could be detected in critically ill septic patients. Possible subtle gender differences could play a minor role in the acute situation due to the severity of the disease in septic patients.
In this study no clinically relevant sex-specific mortality differences could be detected in critically ill septic patients. Possible subtle gender differences could play a minor role in the acute situation due to the severity of the disease in septic patients.
Patients with native joint septic arthritis are one of the highest risk groups for developing complications following total joint arthroplasty (TJA), especially periprosthetic joint infection(PJI). AZ191 concentration There is a paucity of information on the risk factors for developing PJI and the optimal treatment modality of the native septic joint that can mitigate that risk. This multicenter study aimed to determine these risk factors, including prior treatment.

A retrospective study of 233 TJAs performed, following prior septic arthritis at five institutions, was conducted. Comorbidities, organism profile, prior surgery, etiology of septic arthritis, and other relevant variables were reviewed. The primary outcome was the development of PJI, defined by Musculoskeletal Infection Society criteria. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors for PJI.

Overall, the PJI rate was 12.4% in patients who underwent TJA after native septic arthritis. Predisposing risk factors for PJI included antibiotic-resistant organisms, male gender, diabetes, and a postsurgical cause of septic arthritis eg open reduction internal fixation. When controlling for potential confounders, multivariate analysis revealed that male gender, diabetes, and a postoperative etiology were predictors of PJI. The definitive treatment modality for the septic joint did not affect the rate of PJI for both arthroscopy vs irrigation and debridement (I&D), and two-stage exchange vs single-stage procedure.

This study has identified several risk factors for developing PJI in patients with prior septic joint arthritis, some of which are modifiable. The initial treatment modality of the native septic joint has no bearing on the development of PJI after TJA.
This study has identified several risk factors for developing PJI in patients with prior septic joint arthritis, some of which are modifiable. The initial treatment modality of the native septic joint has no bearing on the development of PJI after TJA.
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