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These results suggest that microwave biochars produced with an GAC catalyst have excellent potential for efficient use in the removal of VOCs from waste gas.The acequias de careo are ancestral water channels excavated during the early Al-Andalus period (8th-10th centuries), which are used to recharge aquifers in the watersheds of the Sierra Nevada mountain range (Southeastern Spain). The water channels are maintained by local communities, and their main function is collecting snowmelt, but also runoff from rainfall from the headwaters of river basins and distributing it throughout the upper parts of the slopes. This method of aquifer artificial recharge extends the availability of water resources in the lowlands of the river basins during the dry season when there is almost no precipitation and water demand is higher. This study investigates the contribution of the careo channels in the watershed of Bérchules concerning the total aquifer recharge during the 2014-2015 hydrological year. Several channels were gauged, and the runoff data were compared with those obtained from a semi-distributed hydrological model applied to the same hydrological basin. The natural infiltration of meteoric waters accounted for 52% of the total recharge, while the remaining 48% corresponded to water transported and infiltrated by the careo channels. In other words, the careo recharge system enhances by 92% the natural recharge to the aquifer. Our results demonstrate the importance of this ancestral and efficient channel system for recharging slope aquifers developed in hard rocks. The acequias de careo are nature-based solutions for increasing water resources availability that have contributed to a prosperous life in the Sierra Nevada. Its long history (>1200 years) suggests that the system has remarkable resilience properties, which have allowed adaptation and permance for centuries in drastically changing climatic and socioeconomic conditions. This recharge system could also be applied to -or inspire similar adaptation measures in- semi-arid mountain areas around the world where it may help in mitigating climate change effects.Adopting Regenerative Agriculture (RA) practices on temperate arable land can increase soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration without reducing crop yields. RA is therefore receiving much attention as a climate change mitigation strategy. However, estimating the potential change in national soil carbon stocks following adoption of RA practices is required to determine its suitability for this. Here, we use a well-validated model of soil carbon turnover (RothC) to simulate adoption of three regenerative practices (cover cropping, reduced tillage intensity and incorporation of a grass-based ley phase into arable rotations) across arable land in Great Britain (GB). We develop a modelling framework which calibrates RothC using studies of these measures from a recent systematic review, estimating the proportional increase in carbon inputs to the soil compared to conventional practice, before simulating adoption across GB. We find that cover cropping would on average increase SOC stocks by 10 t·ha-1 within 30 years of adoption across GB, potentially sequestering 6.5 megatonnes of carbon dioxide per year (MtCO2·y-1). Ley-arable systems could increase SOC stocks by 3 or 16 t·ha-1, potentially providing 2.2 or 10.6 MtCO2·y-1 of sequestration over 30 years, depending on the length of the ley-phase (one and four years, respectively, in these scenarios). In contrast, our modelling approach finds little change in soil carbon stocks when practising reduced tillage intensity. Our results indicate that adopting RA practices could make a meaningful contribution to GB agriculture reaching net zero greenhouse gas emissions despite practical constraints to their uptake.The amount of lignocellulose biomass and sludge is enormous, so it is of great significance to find a treatment combining the two substances. Co-hydrothermal carbonization (Co-HTC) has emerged as an efficient approach to dispose sludge. However, the improvement of sludge upgrading and combustion performance remains an important challenge during the Co-HTC of sludge. In this work, the Co-HTC of sludge and Fenton's reagent at different mixing ratios was proposed to achieve sludge reduction. Moreover, the addition of two kinds of biomass improved the adsorption capacity and combustion performance of hydrochars. When sludge and sawdust were the Co-HTC at the mass ratio of 13, the liquid phase Pb concentration decreased notably to 18.06%. Furthermore, the adsorption capacity of hydrochars was further improved by modification, which was in accordance with pseudo-second-order kinetics. Particularly, the hydrochars derived from the Co-HTC had higher heating value (HHV) and could be used as a clean fuel. This study proposed a new technical route of combining the HTC with Fenton's reagent and lignocellulose biomass, which could be served as a cleaner and eco-friendly treatment of sludge.A multiscale analysis of meteorological trends was carried out to investigate the impacts of the large-scale circulation types as well as the local-scale key weather elements on the complex air pollutants, i.e., PM2.5 and O3 in China. Following an accompanying paper on synoptic circulation impact (Gong et al., 2022), using a multi-linear regression model, the trends of key meteorological elements at local scale, i.e., temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, PBL height, precipitation and wind speed, are analyzed and correlated with the trends of PM2.5 and O3 levels to identify significantly influencing factors in seven Chinese cities. Furthermore, with additional emission surrogates introduced in the regression model, the impacts on the trends by meteorology and emission were separated and quantified. Results show that the increasing trends of O3 at most Chinese cities were largely attributed to the trends of meteorological elements of temperature and solar radiation, while the trends of PM2.5 are mostly contributed by the emission reduction measures of PM2.5 and its precursors. The meteorology alone can explain approximately 57-80% of the O3 variations and only 20-33% of the PM2.5 variations. With the addition of emission surrogates, this explanation percentage is increased to about 57-82% for O3 but significantly enhanced to 71-83% for PM2.5.The present study aimed to, for the first time, quantify the total content of 16 priority EPA PAHs in end-of-life tyre derived crumb rubber granulates and various manufactured rubberised asphalt mix designs. After identifying the availability of 16 EPA PAHs, the leaching behaviour of rubberised asphalt specimens, were evaluated using the Dynamic Surface Leaching Test (DSLT) based on CEN/TS 16637-22014 standard. This was prior to modelling the release mechanisms of PAHs by utilizing a mathematical diffusion-controlled leaching model. According to the results, the total content of 16 EPA PAHs in crumb rubber granulates ranged between 0.061 and 8.322 μg/g, which were associated with acenaphthene and pyrene, respectively. The total content of PAHs in rubberised asphalt specimens varied between 0.019 and 4.992 μg/g depending on the volume of crumb rubber granulates in the asphalt concrete mix design, and type of binder. Results of the leaching experiments revealed that the highest leached PAHs were benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene and naphthalene with a 64-days cumulative release per specimen surface area > 1 μg/m2. Acenaphthylene, fluoranthene, fluorene and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene were released in cumulative concentrations between 0.1 and 1 μg/m2. The PAHs with a cumulative release potential below 0.1 μg/m2 during DSLT were benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene and chrysene. The diffusion coefficients, which were calculated by mathematical modelling of DSLT data, revealed that the leaching process of 16 EPA PAHs from surface of rubberised asphalt concrete mix designs fitted all the criteria set by the NEN 7345 standard for diffusion-controlled leaching during all stages of leaching experiments.Motivated by the unique structure and superior properties, biochar-based materials, including pristine biochar and composites of biochar with other functional materials, are considered as new generation materials for diverse multi-functional applications, which may be intentionally or unintentionally released to soil. The influencing mechanism of biochar-based material on soil organisms is a key aspect for quantifying and predicting its benefits and trade-offs. Ripasudil This work focuses on the effects of biochar-based materials on soil organisms within the past ten years. 206 sources are reviewed and available knowledge on biochar-based materials' impacts on soil organisms is summarized from a diverse perspective, including the pollutant bioavailability changes in soil, and potential effects of biochar-based materials on soil organisms. Herein, effects of biochar-based materials on the bioavailability of soil organic pollutants are detailed, from the perspective of plant, microorganism, and soil fauna. Potential biological effects of pristine biochar (PBC), metal/metal compounds-biochar composites (MBC), clay minerals-biochar composites (CMBC), and carbonaceous materials-biochar composites (CBC) on soil organisms are highlighted for the first time. And possible mechanisms are presented based on the different characters of biochar-based materials as well as various environmental interactions. Finally, the bottleneck and challenges of risk assessment of biochar-based materials as well as future prospects are proposed. This work not only promotes the development of risk assessment system of biochar-based materials, but broadens the strategy for the design and optimization of environmental-friendly biochar materials.Coastal lagoons experience removal and leaching of metals due to seasonal fluctuation of salinity coupled with pH and dissolved oxygen variability. Benthic foraminifers are susceptible to seasonal variation in physicochemical conditions. Assessment of bioavailable fraction of selected metals in sediments along the salinity gradient of the largest brackish lagoon in Asia- Chilika was carried out. Further, population density and abnormality index of foraminifera in the sediments were calculated to understand the influence of bioavailable metal on benthic foraminifera. Metal concentrations were higher in the low salinity regions and decreased towards the high salinity regions. This suggests river discharge controls the metal input and distribution in the lagoon. Overall, metal concentrations are high in the residual fraction (F4) followed by interplay within the reducible (F2) or oxidizable (F3) fractions, except for Mn. The seasonal fluctuations of pH and cyclic oxygen deficiency intensified the leaching of Fe, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the bioavailable fraction in the low salinity region of the lagoon. The presence of metals in bioavailable fractions impacted the normal growth of the abundant Ammonia species. Despite low bioavailable metal concentrations, higher morphological abnormalities were observed in the high salinity regions due to higher energy conditions near the sea. Therefore, abnormalities in the benthic foraminifera are attributed to bioavailability of metals from sediments and natural stress conditions in the coastal lagoon environment.
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