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Findings both support and extend existing research regarding best practice for VSD design. Conclusions Findings provide an initial framework for understanding photographic image complexity and how it differs from drawn AAC symbols. Furthermore, findings outline a toolbox of composition principles that may help limit VSD complexity, along with providing recommendations for AAC development to support the quick application of compositional principles to limit burdens associated with capturing photographic images. Supplemental Material https//doi.org/10.23641/asha.15032700.Purpose Bilingual children's linguistic experience can vary markedly from child to child. For appropriate audiological assessment and intervention, audiologists need accurate and efficient ways to describe and understand a bilingual child's dynamic linguistic experience. This report documents an approach for quantitatively capturing a child's language exposure and usage in a time-efficient manner. Method A well-known pediatric bilingual language survey was administered to 83 parents of bilingual children, obtaining information about the child's exposure to (input) and usage of (output) Spanish and English for seventeen 1-hr intervals during a typical weekday and weekend day. Results A factor analysis indicated that capturing linguistic exposure and usage over three grouped-time intervals during a typical weekday and weekend day accounted for ≥ 74% of the total variance of the linguistic information captured with the full-length survey. Conclusions Although further confirmation is required, these results suggest that collecting language exposure and usage data from parents of bilingual children for three grouped-time intervals provides similar information as a comprehensive hour-by-hour approach. A time-efficient method of capturing the dynamic bilingual linguistic experience of a child would benefit pediatric audiologists and speech-language pathologists alike.Purpose Language is an important skill required for children to succeed in school. Higher language skills are associated with school readiness in young children and general mathematics performance. However, many students with mathematics difficulty (MD) may be more likely to present difficulties with language skills than their peers. The purpose of this report was to compare the language performance of children with and without MD. Method We compared child vocabulary, morphology, and syntax between first- and second-grade children (N = 247) classified as with or without MD, controlling for child working memory. Results Children with MD (n = 119) significantly underperformed compared with their peers (n = 155) on all language measures. The largest difference between children with and without MD was in syntax. Conclusions Children with MD present poorer language skills than their peers, which aligns with previous research linking the importance of syntax with mathematics learning. More research is needed to better understand the complex links between language skills and mathematical development.Background The impact of staged versus concomitant coronary procedures on renal function in patients with aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) remains unclear. Methods and Results Three-hundred thirty-nine patients undergoing coronary procedures and TAVI as a staged strategy (160, 47.2%) or concomitant strategy (179, 52.8%) were retrospectively analyzed. Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) occurred in 49 patients in the staged strategy group (30.6%) and in 18 patients (10.1%) in the concomitant strategy group (P less then 0.001). Among the staged strategy group, 25 (15.6%) patients developed CI-AKI after coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention, 17 (10.6%) after TAVI, and 7 (4.3%) after both the procedures. Staged strategy was associated with a higher risk of CI-AKI (odds ratio, 3.948; P less then 0.001) after adjustment for multiple confounders and regardless of the baseline renal function (P for interaction=0.4) when compared with the concomitant strategy. At a median follow-up of 24.0 months (3.0-35.3), CI-AKI was not associated with sustained renal injury (P=0.794), irrespective of the adopted strategy. The concomitant strategy did not impact the overall early safety at 30 days follow-up after TAVI compared to the staged strategy (P=0.609). Conclusions Performing coronary procedures with a staged strategy before TAVI was associated with a higher risk of CI-AKI compared with a concomitant strategy. Moreover, a concomitant strategy did not increase the risk of procedure-related complications.
Growing epidemiological evidence suggests that organochlorine chemicals (OCCs), including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-
-dioxin (TCDD), may play a role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.

We aimed to systematically review the experimental evidence (
and
) on the associations between exposure to OCCs and endometriosis-related end points.

A systematic review protocol was developed following the National Toxicology Program /Office of Health Assessment and Translation (NTP/OHAT) framework and managed within a web-based interface.
studies designed to evaluate the impact of OCCs on the onset or progression of endometriosis and proliferation of induced endometriotic lesions were eligible. Eligible
studies included single-cell and co-culture models to evaluate the proliferation, migration, and/or invasion of endometrial cells. We applied the search strings to PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus®. A final search was performed on 24 June 2020. Assessment of risk of bias and the level of evidence and intd for further research to fill in our gaps in understanding of the relationship between OCCs and their mixtures and endometriosis, beyond the prototypical TCDD. https//doi.org/10.1289/EHP8421.
Based on the integration of a high level of animal evidence with a moderate level of epidemiological evidence, we concluded that TCDD was a known hazard for endometriosis in humans and the conclusion is supported by mechanistic in vitro evidence. Nonetheless, there is need for further research to fill in our gaps in understanding of the relationship between OCCs and their mixtures and endometriosis, beyond the prototypical TCDD. https//doi.org/10.1289/EHP8421.Purpose Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) who work with people with aphasia focus on assessment and intervention to support improved communication outcomes for their clients. Friendship, a key component of quality of life, often depends on communicative interaction, and many people with aphasia report having reduced social circles. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of SLPs working with clients with aphasia on their role in supporting friendship development and maintenance. Method An online survey composed of questions addressing SLP perspectives and goal setting, assessment, and treatment practices related to aphasia and friendship was distributed to SLPs across the United States. Survey data were analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Results Forty-seven SLPs completed the survey. While many SLPs reported that the friendships of their clients with aphasia were impacted by aphasia and that it was within their scope of practice to support friendship development and maintenance, many did not specifically assess or target friendship and friendship outcomes in the treatment plan. SLPs identified barriers and facilitators to focusing on friendship within the context of speech and language therapy. Conclusions Findings suggest the majority of participating SLPs were interested in addressing friendship with clients with aphasia; however, they experienced barriers in practice. Further examination of SLP perspectives and clinical practice regarding friendship and aphasia is warranted. Additionally, research investigating effective assessment and therapeutic methods that target friendship in aphasia is needed to support clinical practice and the well-being of clients with aphasia. Supplemental Material https//doi.org/10.23641/asha.15032217.Neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by progressive neural loss, have been some of the most challenging medical problems in aging societies. Treatment strategies such as symptom management have little impact on dis-ease progression, while intervention with specific disease mechanisms may only slow down disease progression. One therapeutic strategy that has the potential to reverse the disease phenotype is to replenish neurons and re-build the pathway lost to degeneration. Although it is generally believed that the central nervous system has lost the capability to regenerate, increasing evidence indicates that the brain is more plastic than previously thought, containing perhaps the biggest repertoire of cells with latent neurogenic programs in the body. This review focuses on key advances in generating new neurons through in situ neuronal reprogramming, which is tied to fun-damental questions regarding adult neurogenesis, cell source, and mecha-nisms for neuronal reprogramming, as well as the ability of new neurons to integrate into the existing circuitry. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http//www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.Sex, as well as meiotic recombination between homologous chromosomes, is nearly ubiquitous among eukaryotes. Selleck IDE397 In those species that use it, recombination is important for chromosome segregation during gamete production, and thus for fertility. Strikingly, although in most species only one crossover event per chromosome is required to ensure proper segregation, recombination rates vary considerably above this minimum and show variation within and among species. However, whether this variation in recombination is adaptive or neutral and what might shape it remain unclear. Empirical studies and theory support the idea that recombination is generally beneficial but can also have costs. Here, we review variation in genome-wide recombination rates, explore what might cause this, and discuss what is known about its mechanistic basis. We end by discussing the environmental sensitivity of meiosis and recombination rates, how these features may relate to adaptation, and their implications for a broader understanding of recombination rate evolution. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http//www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.Purpose The aim of the study was to assess the susceptibility to energetic and informational masking in patients with single-sided deafness (SSD) with one normal-hearing (NH) ear and a cochlear implant (CI) in the contralateral ear, understand the effect on speech recognition when spatially separating noise and speech maskers, and investigate the influence of the CI in situations with energetic and informational masking. Method Speech recognition was measured in the presence of either a modulated speech-shaped noise or one of two competing speech maskers in 11 SSD-CI listeners. The speech maskers were manipulated with respect to fundamental frequency to consider the effect of different voices. Measurements were conducted in the unaided (NH) and aided (NHCI) conditions. Spatial release from masking (SRM) was calculated for each masker type and both listening conditions (NH and NHCI) by subtracting scores of the colocated target and masker condition (S0N0) from the spatially separated target and masker conditions (S0N≠0).
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