Notes

Second-Line Solutions in the Altering Panorama regarding First-Line Therapies for Metastatic Obvious Cellular Kidney Cell Cancers.
Postharvest disease caused by Colletotrichum spp. caused major losses. The species of Colletotrichum are difficult to distinguish if only seen from their morphology. This study investigated Colletotrichum isolates associated with tropical fruits anthracnose using multi-genetic analysis and the cross-infection potency of each isolate among tropical fruits.

The fruit samples were collected from markets in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia and its surrounding area. The fruits affected by anthracnose subjected to isolation, resulting in 15 isolates. Morphology of colony and conidia then characterized and clustered with UPGMA. The seven representative isolates were selected for molecular identification. The multi-genetic analysis was used by combining ITS, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) and tub2 sequence genes. A cross-infection test was conducted by using selected species from the multi-genetic analysis.

Multi-genetic analysis clustered the selected isolates into four species. Isolates from banana, avocado, papaya and citrus belonged to gloeosporioides species complex, including C. siamense, C. asianum and C. gloeosporioides. Isolates from apple, guava, mango and citrus belonged to acutatum species complex, including C. sloanei. The cross-infection test in this study showed that C. siamense could cause anthracnose on banana, apple, citrus and avocado, C. asianum on avocado, papaya, apple and citrus, C. gloeosporioides on citrus and apple, C. sloanei on apple, guava, citrus and papaya.

The C. siamense, C. asianum, C. gloeosporioides and C. selleck kinase inhibitor sloanei found associated with tropical fruits anthracnose. The potency of the cross-infection test revealed the board range in the pathogenicity of the Colletotrichum isolates.
The C. siamense, C. asianum, C. gloeosporioides and C. sloanei found associated with tropical fruits anthracnose. The potency of the cross-infection test revealed the board range in the pathogenicity of the Colletotrichum isolates.
The worldwide fly species, Muscina stabulans (Diptera Muscidae) is known as 'false stable fly'. It has veterinary, forensic and medical importance. The present study aimed to examine the toxicity of novaluron (chitin synthesis inhibitor) via its effect on the growth and reproductive potential of M. stabulans.

The early last (3rd) instar larvae and prepupae have been treated with novaluron using five doses 5.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.1 and 0.01 μg/larva. Student's t-test analysis has been used for data processing as well as refined by Bessel correction for significant differences among means.

Current study revealed that, after the treatment different mortalities of larva, pupa and adult have been estimated. LD50 values of novaluron were 0.018 and 0.057 μg/insect, respectively. Furthermore, the larval period was insignificantly shortened while the pupal duration has been significantly extended and the developmental rate has been slightly enhanced. On the other hand, the adult longevity of females was considerably reduced and the adult emergence was considerably blocked, regardless the dose. However, only after the treatment, some deformed pupae were observed and some adult deformities were observed. Both fecundity and fertility were drastically reduced and sterilizing activity on novaluron increased in a dose-dependent course, regardless the time of treatment.

Novaluron can be used as an effective IGR in the integrated control program for this medically and veterinary serious fly.
Novaluron can be used as an effective IGR in the integrated control program for this medically and veterinary serious fly.
The natural bioactive compounds of Curcuma longa, known as curcuminoids, has been shown to exerts anticancer effects to diverse cancer cell line in vitro, including breast cancer cell line. These curcuminoids consist of curcumin (Cur), demethoxycurcumin (DMC) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC). Furthermore, there has never been a study to compare the extent of antiproliferative and apoptotic modulation potential between Cur, DMC and BDMC in the breast cancer cell, until now. In the present study, we explore the efficacy among Cur, DMC and BDMC to alters MCF-7 cell viability, which might lead to apoptotic modulation.

This kind of study was performed in vitro whereby the cells were maintained in an appropriate medium and the anticancer effect of curcuminoids (Cur, DMC and BDMC) was measured by using resazurin-based PrestoBlue cell viability assay. Later, MCF-7 breast cancer cells were cultured in 12 wells plate added with different concentrations of Cur, DMC and BDMC for western blotting analysis. Statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad 8, One-way ANOVA and Student's t-test.

The result showed that Cur, DMC and BDMC inhibiting the proliferation of MCF-7 cells. In the concentration dose of 31.25 μg mL-1, the cell viability in cells treated with Cur is 27%, DMC is 31.5% and BDMC is 46%. The IC50 dose of Cur, DMC and BDMC were 25.63, 29.94 and 36.91 μg mL-1.

Cur is more effective in inhibiting proliferation and apoptotic modulation in MCF-7 cells compare to DMC and BDMC. It represents the potential of Cur, DMC and BDMC as adjunctive therapy in treating breast cancer.
Cur is more effective in inhibiting proliferation and apoptotic modulation in MCF-7 cells compare to DMC and BDMC. It represents the potential of Cur, DMC and BDMC as adjunctive therapy in treating breast cancer.
Predatory arthropods may play a crucial role in decreasing the pest population that causes a significant loss in oil palm production. In this study, we investigated the diversity of predatory arthropods and their abundance on immature and mature oil palm plantation grown in Aceh Tamiang, Sumatra, Indonesia.

Arthropod predators were collected by using light trap, yellow-pan trap and pitfall trap that were placed on an immature and mature oil palm plantation. Specimens were sorted and identified in the Laboratory.

The results showed that there were 674 individuals arthropod predators (insects and spiders) consisted of 7 orders, 22 families and 37 morphospecies collected in the immature plantation. While in mature plantation, arthropod predators found were 740 individuals consisted of 6 orders 23 families and 42 morphospecies. Ants (Hymenoptera Formicidae) dominated other families regarding morphospecies and individual numbers. There was no significant difference in term of species richness and abundance of predators between both phases of the plantation which implied that the two plantations hosted a similar composition and abundance of predators. The diversity indices of predators calculated in both plantations showed that the predators were categorized as middle level of diversity and middle level of individual distribution, However, the community is unstable.

Our results suggested that predatory predators were present in similar structure in both phases of oil palm plantations. Efforts to conserve them are needed to enhance their performance as part of a sustainable and environmentally friendly method for controlling pests in oil palm plantation.
Our results suggested that predatory predators were present in similar structure in both phases of oil palm plantations. Efforts to conserve them are needed to enhance their performance as part of a sustainable and environmentally friendly method for controlling pests in oil palm plantation.
Sessiline ciliates live as eco commensals (low numbers) and parasites (high numbers) on different hosts, like mollusks copepods, mysids and fish. Riboscyphidia ecto-protozoan is moderately pathogenic but high numbers of it on the gills can physically prevent gas exchange. The present study aimed to describe the epizoic ciliates Riboscyphidia found on the Red Sea cultured Asian sea bass and obtain more information on the Epidemiology of the parasite with special references to control and histopathological examination of naturally infected sea bass.

The occurrence of epizoic ciliates on the adult Asian Sea bass. About 100 Asian sea bass were collected by the fishing net at a private marine fish farm at Ismailia governorate and transferred to the hydrobiology laboratory at National Research Centre. A parasitological and histopathological study of epizoic sessile ciliate species was done. ANOVA test was used for Statistical analysis.

Riboscyphidia sp. was found and isolated after parasitological examination of investigated adult's Asian sea bass. The prevalence of Riboscyphidiosis was 64%. Sessile ciliates were found on gills, skin and fins. The clinical signs of Riboscyphidiosis were respiratory distress, flashing and off food. Histopathological alterations in naturally infested Asian sea bass were investigated.

The treatment of choice of Riboscyphidiosis was prolonged immersion by Copper citrate with a dose of 0.56 mg mL-1 for 7 days.
The treatment of choice of Riboscyphidiosis was prolonged immersion by Copper citrate with a dose of 0.56 mg mL-1 for 7 days.
Effects of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil (EO) was tested on minimizing handling stress in Macrobrachium rosenbergii through the evaluation of their metabolite responses [glucose, lactate, glycogen, protein, Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Malate Dehydrogenase (MDH), Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)]. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of C. citratus extract in the anaesthetization of M. rosenbergii.

Three treatments including control, prawn exposed to stress alone (T1) and prawn exposed to stress in the presence of C. citratus EO (T2) were tested. A C. citratus EO at 500 μL L-1 had been determined in a previous study and was selected as the critical dose to be applied as an anesthetic agent. Handling stress was induced into prawns by netting, at 2 min interval for 30 min and their hemolymph were collected to determine the metabolite responses.

The increase of glucose, lactate and LDH of M. rosenbergii when exposed to handling stress alone (T1) in comparison to T2 (stress with anesthetic C. citratus EO) were identified. Further, a low glycogen level in parallel with low AChE activity was observed which indicates the involvement of secondary metabolites to cope with the energy demand in T1 over T2.

This study indicates the efficiency of C. citratus EO to reduce stress during handling in M. rosenbergii.
This study indicates the efficiency of C. citratus EO to reduce stress during handling in M. rosenbergii.
Alpinia, the largest genus of Zingiberaceae, includes ca. 250 species. The A. coriandriodora D. Fang was recognized for Vietnamese flora. However, the systematic position of this species within Alpinia genus was unclear. The study aimed to understand the phylogenetic placement of A. coriandriodora based on the molecular data and interpret evolution of the key morphological characters.

The phylogenetic analysis were conducted by using the combined dataset of two DNA regions by both Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) methods. Seven morphological characters were selected for morphological character evolution and the analysis was performed in Mesquite.

Alpinia coriandriodora was supported closely related to southern Chinese species of Alpinia. Morphological character optimizations suggest that the presence/absence of tomentum in leaf, inflorescence rachis and ovary is an important character for the taxonomy of Alpinia. The character evolution analyses indicated that panicle is ancestral character in Alpinia.
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