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48%). The fixation chosen was more likely to involve a volar rim-specific plate (44 vs. 0%). Following surgical fixation, the volar marginal rim fractures had a significantly higher incidence of carpal instability (56 vs. 24%), failure of fixation (24 vs. 0%), and revision surgery (12 vs. 0%). Conclusions  Volar marginal rim fractures have significantly more carpal injuries, scapholunate instability, and volar carpal instability, compared with other distal radius fractures. Despite the use of volar rim-specific plating, volar marginal rim fractures have a significantly higher incidence of persistent carpal instability, including scapholunate instability, ulnar translocation, volar subluxation, failure of fixation, and revision surgery. Level of Evidence  This is a level III, retrospective review.Background  Volar ulnar corner fractures are a subset of distal radius fractures that can have disastrous complications if not appreciated, recognized, and appropriately managed. The volar ulnar corner of the distal radius is the "critical corner" between the radial calcar, distal ulna, and carpus and is responsible for maintaining stability while transferring force from the carpus. Description  Force transmitted from the carpus to the radial diaphysis is via the radial calcar. A breach in this area of thickened cortex may result in the collapse of the critical corner. The watershed ridge (line) is clinically important in these injuries and must be appreciated during planning and fixation. Fractures distal to the watershed ridge create an added level of complexity and associated injuries must be managed. An osteoligamentous unit comprises bone-ligament-bone construct. Volar ulnar corner fractures represent a spectrum of osteoligamentous injuries each with their own associated injuries and management techniques. The force from the initial volar ulnar corner fracture can propagate along the volar rim resulting in an occult volar ligament injury, which is a larger zone of injury than appreciated on radiographs and computerized tomography scan. These lesions are often underestimated at the time of fixation, and for this reason, we refer to them as sleeper lesions. Unfortunately, they may become unmasked once the wrist is mobilized or loaded. Conclusions  Management requires careful planning due to a relatively high rate of complications after fixation. A systematic approach to plate positioning, utilizing several fixation techniques beyond the standard volar rim plate, and utilizing fluoroscopy and/or arthroscopy is the key strategy to assist with management. In this article, we take a different view of the volar ulnar corner anatomy, applied anatomy of the region, associated injuries, and management options.Background  Arthroscopically-assisted reduction and internal fixation (AARIF) for distal radius fractures (DRF) has been extensively described. Little information is available about AARIF in AO "B3" and "C" DRF with displaced lunate facet volar rim fragment (VRF) and volar carpal subluxation. However, lunate volar rim fragment (LVRF) may be very difficult to reduce and fix under arthroscopic control using the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) or FCR extended approaches while traction is applied. Purposes  The aims were to describe our surgical technique of AARIF of partial or complete DRF with VRF and provide information about how often this technique may be necessary, based on a large DRF database. Methods  The dual-window volar approach for complete articular AO C DRF with volar medial fragment was described in 2012 for performing open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). Since 2015, we have used the dual-window approach for AARIF of "B3" or "C" DRF with volar carpal subluxation. We analyzed our PAF database, seared "B3" anteromedial DRF.Background  Surgical treatment options for symptomatic ulnar styloid base nonunion can be divided into two groups styloid excision and styloid fixation methods. Styloid fixation is commonly performed using tension band wiring or distal ulna hook plate. However, these methods are more suitable for large styloids than small ones. For this reason, fixation of small styloids still remains a problem. Purpose  To present the surgical details and results of patients operated using the buttress plate technique, due to the symptomatic ulnar styloid base nonunion. Patients and Methods  In this study, 11 patients who underwent surgery for symptomatic ulnar styloid base nonunion using buttress plate technique were evaluated retrospectively. The patients were evaluated with the help of forearm and wrist range of motion, grip strength, disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) score and visual analogue pain score. Results  The mean follow-up period was 15 months (range 13-21 months). Union was achieved in 10 patients. At the final follow-up, the forearm supination and pronation active range of motions were significantly higher than those in the preoperative period, the visual analogue pain score mean value was 0.7 (range 0-5), and the DASH score mean value was 7 (range 1-32). Conclusion  We conclude that good results can be achieved with the buttress plate technique in patients with both large and small fragmented ulnar styloid base nonunions and no distal radioulnar joint instability. Level of Evidence  This is a Level IV, therapeutic study.Background  Isolated scaphotrapeziotrapezoid (STT) osteoarthritis (OA) mainly develops in women over 50 years of age in a bilateral manner. Many surgical treatments are available, including distal scaphoid resection with or without interposition, trapeziectomy, and STT arthrodesis. However, there is a controversy about which procedure is the most effective. Purposes  The purpose of this study was to report the outcomes of the Pyrocardan implant for treating STT isolated OA at a mean follow-up of 5 years. Patients and Methods  Consecutive patients who underwent STT arthroplasty using the Pyrocardan were reviewed retrospectively by an independent examiner who performed a clinical and radiological evaluation. Results  The mean follow-up time was 5 years (range 3-8 years). Thirteen patients (76%) were followed for more than 5 years. Between the preoperative assessment and the last follow-up, pain levels decreased significantly. There was no significant difference in the mean Kapandji opposition score. Grip and pivides a high rate of patient satisfaction. buy CC-885 Nevertheless, the surgical procedure must be done carefully to avoid STT ligament damage, periarticular calcifications, or dislocation.Background  Open or arthroscopic partial resection of the elongated ulnar styloid is the surgical treatment of choice for ulnar styloid impaction syndrome. Case Description  A patient with a severely elongated processus styloideus ulnae (PSU) with a chronic impaction of the distal-radial margin against the triquetrum suffered a traumatic triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) Palmer 1B rupture and DRUJ instability. The length of the PSU was 9 mm. After failed conservative treatment, a partial oblique arthroscopic resection of the PSU and simultaneous TFCC reinsertion were performed with uneventful recovery. Literature Review  Arthroscopic resection has emerged as an alternative to the traditional open PSU resection for the treatment of styloid impaction syndrome. A transverse resection is described as the treatment of choice. Regarding the extent of resection subtotal ligament sparing resection or resection to the lower margin have been suggested. Clinical Relevance  Surgical planning of PSU resection should take into consideration the anatomy of the impingement. The extent of resection should be planned individually, and sometimes an oblique resection may be the preferred option.Greater understanding of specific fracture patterns following distal radius fractures has arisen with the advent of volar plating. The volar marginal fragment (VMF) is a small peripheral piece of bone which is critical to carpal stability. Failure to achieve good fixation of the VMF can result in volar subluxation of the carpus and distal radioulnar joint instability. Due to its small, distal nature, this fragment can be easily missed and difficult to fix. Loss of reduction of the VMF following operative fixation presents specific challenges and surgical considerations dictated by patient characteristics and timing. Our goal of this review is to present a classification system for these failed VMFs which can help guide surgical treatment as well as expected outcomes.A new genus and species of the millipede tribe Pachyiulini, Bellatoiulusgolovatchi gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Lesser Caucasus, Azerbaijan. Cybertypes of the new species are created from the physical holotype male and from a paratype female. The distribution and ecological features of the new species, and the position of the new genus within Pachyiulini are discussed.Two new cave-adapted pseudoscorpion species belonging to the family Chthoniidae are described Tyrannochthoniuspandus sp. nov. from Biyu Cave (Yunnan Luxi) and Lagynochthoniuslaoxueyanensis sp. nov. from Laoxueyan Cave (Yunnan Yanshan). Both of them, collected from the dark zone of caves, are highly troglomorphic species.All cavernicolous species of the millipede family Trichopolydesmidae from the Carpathian-Balkan arch and the Rhodope Mountains have been reviewed. At present the family has been shown to comprise five or six genera with eight or nine species. Two new genera have been described, viz., Balkanodesminus gen. nov., with two new species B.dentatoides sp. nov. and B.serbicus sp. nov., from Bulgaria and Serbia, respectively, and the monospecific Rhodopodesmus gen. nov., with R.niveus sp. nov., from Bulgaria. Two new combinations and one new status have been proposed Balkanodesminusbulgaricus (Strasser, 1962) comb. nov. ex Bacillidesmusbulgaricus Strasser, 1962 and Balkanodesminusdentatus (Strasser, 1966a) comb. nov., stat. nov. ex Bacillidesmusbulgaricusdentatus Strasser, 1966a. All genera and species are diagnosed with the inclusion of the most relevant remarks for each of them. Old museum types are checked for Bacillidesmusfiliformis (Latzel, 1884) with lectotype designation, as well as for Trichopolydesmuseremitis Verhoeff, 1898. An identification key to all six genera and a distribution map for the eight species are provided, as well as brief remarks and general considerations on the family Trichopolydesmidae.Mexico is a megadiverse country with high endemicity in its herpetofauna. We examine how species richness, proportion of state and country endemic species, and proportion of species in a category of conservation concern using listings in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List and the Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT) in 27 of 32 Mexican states are related to environmental and human demographic and socioeconomic variables. Amphibian and reptile species richness were positively related to latitude range and number of physiographic regions and negatively related to latitude. The proportion of state endemic amphibian species in a state was negatively related to latitude whereas no variables influenced the proportion in reptiles. The proportion of country endemics in a state was positively related to human population density and the number of physiographic regions and negatively related to per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and latitude range for amphibians; it was positively related to human population density and elevation range and negatively related to latitude range for reptiles.
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