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4 potential priority pollutants including metoprolol, carbamazepine, 10, 11-dihydro-10, 11-dihydroxycarbamazepine and irbesartan were proposed. And it was found that the 4 compounds, "consistent suspects" and "consistent non-targets" had similar rankings of removal rate in 16 WWTPs, which can reflect the performance of different WWTPs.Abiotic oxidation of toxic As(III) to As(V) is being deemed as a necessary step for the overall arsenic decontamination in both natural and engineered systems. Direct oxidation of As(III) by chemical oxidants, such as ozone, permanganate, ferrate, chlorine and chloramine, or naturally occurring minerals like Mn, Fe oxides, seems straightforward. Both O2 and H2O2 are ineffective for arsenite oxidation, but they can be activated by reducing substances like Fe2+, Fe0 to increase the oxidation rates. Photo-induced oxidation of As(III) has been demonstrated effective in Fe complexes or minerals, NO3-/NO2-, dissolved organic matter (DOM), peroxygens and TiO2 systems. Although a variety of oxidation methods have been developed over the past two decades, there remain many scientific and technical challenges that must be overcome before the rapid progress in basic knowledge can be translated into environmental benefits. To better understand the trends in the existing data and to identify the knowledge gaps, this review describes in detail the complicated mechanisms for As(III) oxidation by various methods and emphasizes on the conflicting data and explanation. Some prevailing concerns and challenges in the sphere of As(III) oxidation are also pointed out so as to appeal to researchers for further investigations.In current study, nano-Fe3O4@activated coke enhanced bio-system (FEBS) under limited-oxygen condition was applied for efficient treatment of aromatic organics in coal pyrolysis wastewater. Metagenomic analyses revealed functional microbiome linkages and mechanism involved in aromatic ring-cleavage. Selleckchem AZD7545 Based on biodegradation efficiency in different reactors, FEBS supplementation conferred the best organic removal (avg. 92.29%). It also showed a remarkable advantage in biodegradability maintenance (>40%) over control reactors. Metagenomics profiling revealed the degradation processes were driven by Fe3O4 redox reactions and microbial biofilm, while the suspended sludge was the principal force for aromatic mineralization. Based on the analysis of functional species and genes, most bacteria cleaved the benzene ring preferably through the aerobic pathways, mediated by catechol 1, 2-dioxygenase, catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase and protocatechuate 3, 4-dioxygenase (66-84%). Ecological network showed that Comamonas testosterone-centered microbiome and Azotobacter linked to the nitrogen (N)-heterocyclic ring-cleavage. Network linkage further demonstrated that Alicycliphilus and Acidovorax were the key tone taxa involved in benzene ring-cleavage. Finally, combined with analysis of degradation products, bacteria degraded N-heterocyclic ring containing organic aromatic compounds (quinoline) mainly through anaerobic processes, whereas cleavage of benzene ring preferred aerobic pathways. Selleckchem AZD7545 The enriched functional species were the primary reason for the enhanced biodegradation in FEBS.The occurrence of antibacterial agents has received increasing concern due to their possible threats to human health. However, the effects of antibacterial residues on the evolution and dynamics between bacteria and bacteriophages in wastewater treatment systems have seldom been researched. link2 Especially for phages, little is known about their response to antimicrobial exposure. Selleckchem AZD7545 In this study, two identical anoxic-aerobic wastewater treatment systems were established to evaluate the responses of bacterial and phage communities to long-term exposure to antimicrobial agents. The results indicated simultaneous exposure to combined antimicrobials significantly inhibited (p less then 0.05) the abundance of phages and bacteria. Metagenomic sequencing analysis indicated the community of bacteria and phages changed greatly at the genus level due to combined antibacterial exposure. Additionally, long-term exposure to antimicrobial agents promoted the attachment of receptor-binding protein genes to Klebsiella, Escherichia and Salmonella (which were all members of Enterobacteriaceae). Compared to that in the control system, the numbers of receptor-binding protein genes on their possible phages (such as Lambdalikevirus and P2likevirus) were also obviously higher when the microorganisms were exposed to antimicrobials. The results are helpful to understanding the microbial communities and tracking the relationship of phage-bacterial host systems, especially under the pressure of antimicrobial exposure.Microplastics are ubiquitous in marine environments and may cause unexpected ecological effects. This study adopted a whole life-cycle exposure to illuminate the impact of polystyrene microplastics on life-history strategies of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma), including the hatching of embryos, growth and reproduction of F0 generation, and embryonic and larval development of F1 offspring. link2 Microplastics accumulated on the eggshell and reduced embryonic hatching rate and larval body length and weight. link2 Similarly, 150 days of microplastic exposure decreased body mass and gonadosomatic index of adult fish, but accelerated sexual maturity of female fish, showing a trade-off between growth and reproduction. Microplastic exposure also caused obvious histopathological damages to gonads and decreased egg productions and fertilization rates. Moreover, parental microplastic exposure induced elevated heartbeats, premature hatching, and slow growth in F1 offspring. Anti-oxidative stress response, sex hormone disruption, and disturbed transcription of steroidogenic genes in the reproductive axis could partially explain the reproduction impairment and transgenerational trade-offs. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis revealed that the steroid hormone biosynthesis and cytochrome P450 pathways in the testes of male fish were significantly affected after 20 μg/L microplastic exposure. These findings suggest that microplastic pollution may be an emerging threat to the sustainability of marine fish population.Fluorite, as a scarce nonrenewable strategic non-metallic mineral resource, is the primary raw material for fluorine products used in diverse fields such as metallurgy, national defense, chemical and optical industries. With the increasing expansion of the related fields, the demand for high-quality fluorite continues to grow. Hence, the surge of interest in effectively utilizing fluorite resources has led to vast attention worldwide. So far, significant endeavors have been done to enhance the beneficiation of fluorite from relatively low-grade ores. It has been well appreciated that the froth flotation is of the most importance. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, it lacks a thorough and critical review on the recent developments in fluorite flotation. This article begins with introducing the deposits and unique physical and chemical properties of fluorite from the perspective of the crystal structure. It is followed by a systematic review of common reagents involved in fluorite flotation, including collectors, depressants, regulators, modifiers, and frothers. Specifically, the synergistic effect of collectors and depressants on the recovery of fluorite is elaborated for the first time. Finally, the most widely seen fluorite-flotation cases, including separation of fluorite from quartz, calcite, barite, and sulfide, are summarized individually. The present review sheds new light on the deep understanding of fluorite flotation, the future synthesis of reagents, as well as their schemes in practical use. Meanwhile, such a novel rain of thought provided in this work has the potential to guide the flotation of other similar minerals extensively.The effective priming of adaptive immune responses depends on the precise dispatching of lymphocytes and antigens into and within lymph nodes (LNs), which are strategically dispersed throughout the body. Over the past decade, a growing body of evidence has advanced our understanding of lymph node stromal cells (LNSCs) from viewing them as mere accessory cells to seeing them as critical cellular players for the modulation of adaptive immune responses. In this review, we summarize current advances on the pivotal roles that LNSCs play in orchestrating adaptive immune responses during homeostasis and infection, and highlight the imprinting of location-specific information by micro-environmental cues into LNSCs, thereby tailoring tissue-specific immune responses.Alterations in the gut microbiota structure and function are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD). link3 The rapid advancement of high-throughput sequencing technologies led to the identification of microbiome risk signatures associated with distinct disease phenotypes and progressing disease entities. Functional validation of the identified microbiome signatures is essential to understand the underlying mechanisms of microbe-host interactions. Germfree mouse models are available to study the functional role of disease-conditioning complex gut microbial ecosystems (dysbiosis) or pathobionts (single bacteria) in the pathogenesis of CD-like inflammation. Here, we discuss the clinical and mechanistic relevance and limitations of gnotobiotic mouse models in the context of CD. In addition, we will address the role of diet as an essential external factor modulating microbiome changes, potentially underlying disease initiation and development.It is becoming increasingly clear that fungi are important components of the gut microbiota. Fungi residing in the human intestine, for example, elicit the induction of T helper 17 cells, which are central orchestrators of protective immune responses. link3 Likewise, fungal members of the intestinal microbiota have been shown to influence the immunological responses of the mammalian host by dampening or promoting local inflammatory responses. Here I review some of the latest developments regarding symbiotic fungi of the gastrointestinal tract and the consequences that fungal dysbiosis may have on human health. A major focus of the review is on the relationship between Candida albicans, the most prominent fungus inhabiting the human gut, and the mammalian host. Advances in the field underscore the need to further investigate the fungi that inhabit the human body to understand how the mixed array of microbes that constitute our microbiota contribute to health and disease.A more than 500% increase in the number of deaths involving methamphetamine occurred between 2016 and 2018 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. As such, this report employed a validated liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method to quantify methamphetamine and its metabolites in bodily fluids from 47 postmortem cases in which methamphetamine was involved. The mean age of the deceased was 33 years old (median 30, range 16-63), and 94% were male. Methamphetamine was co-ingested with another drug in 32 of the cases (68%); however, the deaths were only due to the combined toxicity of methamphetamine and another drug in 15 of the cases (32%). Of note, 13 of these deaths (28% of all deaths) involved heroin. When methamphetamine was the sole cause of death (32% of the studied cases), the median concentrations of methamphetamine and amphetamine were 527 and 128 ng/mL. link3 When methamphetamine was combined toxicity with another drug, the median concentrations of methamphetamine and amphetamine decreased to 161 and 53 ng/mL.
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