Notes

Mollusk dying assemblages in 210Pb-dated underwater deposit cores reveal latest biotic modifications in the particular Gulf involving Guanahacabibes, North west Cuba.
Yin Yang 1 (YY1), the multifunctional transcription factor, has recently been assigned biological properties related to human malignancies. YY1 can facilitate both tumor suppression and tumor growth. The conflicting role of YY1 in human malignancies is not yet fully explained.

In this study, we determined the clinicopathologic significance and prognostic role of YY1 in stage III colorectal cancer (CRC).

YY1 expression was evaluated immunohistochemically in tissue microarray from 345 CRCs. YY1 expression was scored by the proportion of tumor cells with nuclear staining into 4 scores (0, none; 1+, ≤10%; 2+, 10 to ≤25%; 3+, >25%). A score of 0 and 1 were considered as loss of expression.

Loss of YY1 expression was observed in 49 (14.2%) out of 345 CRCs and was associated with larger tumor size (P = 0.004), tumor deposit (P = 0.008), and higher pathologic tumor (pT) stage (P = 0.004). In stage III group, loss of YY1 expression was associated with larger tumor size (P = 0.027) and tumor deposit (P = 0.011). Kaplan-Meier survival curves revealed no significant difference between patients with YY1 loss and patients with intact YY1 in both cancer-specific survival and recurrence-free survival (P = 0.330 and P = 0.470, respectively). In American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage subgroup, loss of YY1 expression was associated with poor recurrence-free survival in AJCC stage III CRC (P = 0.038).

Loss of YY1 expression was significantly associated with aggressive phenotypes and poor patient outcome in AJCC stage III CRC.
Loss of YY1 expression was significantly associated with aggressive phenotypes and poor patient outcome in AJCC stage III CRC.
Celiac Disease involves the small intestine patchily affecting more frequently the proximal small bowel but the histological changes have been observed till terminal ileum. Of late in addition to D2, the duodenal bulb (D1 region) biopsies have been found helpful in identifying a small group of patients with CD. I-BET-762 research buy Therefore, multiple site biopsies are recommended as histological changes are not uniform throughout small intestine.

During this present 1.5 years prospective study, we evaluated 84 cases of suspected celiac disease with respect to the light microscopy (D1, D2, and D3 biopsy) and serology (anti tTg and or EMA). Histological examination was done according to Modified Marsh grading system.

Out of 84 cases with raised anti tTg, the segmental biopsies significantly increased the diagnostic accuracy from 39/44 cases (88.6%) to 43/44 cases (97.7%) and 44/44 cases (100%) when D2 alone, D1 + D2 and D1 + D2 + D3 biopsies were evaluated, respectively. Of the suspected cases of celiac disease patients (tTgs.
Incidence of gastric carcinoma and gastric polyps is on rise all over the world. Chronic atrophic gastritis to intestinal metaplasia progressing to adenocarcinoma has been documented pathway for gastric carcinogenesis. Another pathway for gastric carcinoma is adenoma carcinoma sequence similar to colon cancer.

To study prevalence, endoscopic, and histomorphological features of gastric polyps.

This was retrospective analysis of gastric polyps from 2012 to 2019 in consecutive 10,800 upper gastrointestinal endoscopies. Demographic, endoscopic, and histopathological data were obtained from hospital records. All gastric polyps were classified as per standard histologic criteria. Additional histological features noted were presence of dysplasia, focus of adenoma, or malignancy.

The prevalence of gastric polyps was 434 (4%) of 10,800 upper gastrointestinal endoscopies. Majority of polyps were found in the last 4 years (277 63.8%). Mean age was 55.4 years with male to female ratio 11.2. Most of the polyps (94.9%) were less than 1 cm, located in gastric antrum. Multiple polyps were seen in 20.9% cases. On histopathology, fundic gland polyps were most common (147 33.8%), followed by hyperplastic (128 29.4%) polyps. Adenomatous polyps were nine (2%); of these, two cases of hyperplastic polyps and one each of fundic gland polyp and benign epithelial polyp showed adenomatous foci.

Fundic gland polyps were the most common polyps. With rising incidence of gastric carcinoma, identification of gastric polyps on endoscopy with biopsy can prevent progression to carcinogenesis.
Fundic gland polyps were the most common polyps. With rising incidence of gastric carcinoma, identification of gastric polyps on endoscopy with biopsy can prevent progression to carcinogenesis.In recent clinical practice the molecular diagnostics have been significantly empowered and upgraded by the use of Artificial Intelligence and its assisted technologies. The use of Machine leaning and Deep Learning Neural network architectures have brought in a new dimension in clinical oncological research and development. These algorithm based software system with enhanced digital image analysis have emerged into a new branch of digital pathology and contributed immensely towards precision medicine and personal diagnostics. In India, gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers in males as well as in females. Various molecular biomarkers are associated with gastric cancer development and progression of which HER2 protein, a transmembrane tyrosine kinase (TK) receptor of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) family is of prime importance. The EGF receptor expression in gastric cancer is linked with its prognostics and theragnostics. These expressions are assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and molecular techniques such as Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH), as per recommendations for HER2 targeted immunotherapy. These have motivated the software giants like Google Inc. to produce innovative state of art technologies mimicking human traits such as learning and problem solving skill sets. This field is still under development and is slowly evolving and capturing global importance in recent times. A literature search on PubMed was performed to access updated information for this manuscript.Gastro-intestinal (GI) lesions are common outcome to diverse etiological agents affecting the GI tract. It requires significant expertise to accurately diagnose the fundamental cause and treat accordingly. A better understanding of the immunological underpinning of these lesions is of great importance to ensure their successful management. Availability of specific animal models allows us to understand the subtle differences among diverse disease conditions and help decide upon the treatment trajectories. Since murine models are best suited for studying the immunopathogenesis of any disease, we will restrict our discussions here to the available murine models and their applications to study gastrointestinal lesions. In this review, we have systematically examined and compared the variety of mice models that are routinely used to study Inflammatory Bowel disease (IBD) and also how they can be leveraged to address specific questions relating to IBD.Cell culture is one of the most valuable tools which is being applied in both fundamental and applied gastrointestinal research. The cells are isolated from their natural location (in vivo) and further propagated in vitro or artificial environment and studied. Over the years, several methods have been devised to isolate animal cells derived from the gut and culture them in vitro to study the functions and biology in the context of complex gastrointestinal diseases. This mini-review briefly describes the types and methods of cell culture covering the simplest monoculture models to more recent 3D organoid models, highlighting its importance in personalized precession medicine and other aspects of translational research. It also throws light upon the major challenges and outlines the future directions for using cell culture as a model system.Newer molecular diagnostics and improved understanding of cancer pathogenesis have identified multiple pathways that can be potentially targeted with the use of novel therapeutics in development. These developments have ushered cancer therapeutics in newer era of personalized medicine. Same is reflected on current management strategies for advanced gastrointestinal malignancies. Molecular profiling for BRAF and RAS is standard for colorectal cancer while Her2 and PDL1 status is needed for planning therapy of advanced gastroesophageal cancers. Tissue agnostic markers like MSI, TMB and NTRK are making headways in therapeutic armamentarium. While newer targeted therapies against FGFR, EGFR, PI3K-AKT, DDR pathways are showing promising results in initial studies. Here we review traditional as well as upcoming molecular markers in field of GI malignancies, methods of testing and evidence for rational use in clinical practice.Portal hypertensive vasculopathy (PHV) represents an increase in the pressure in the portal circulation. This increased pressure leads to changes in the mucosa that can be appreciated endoscopically as well as histopathologically. Lesions can be observed in the entire gastrointestinal tract (GIT) including stomach, duodenum, jejunum and colon. The histological changes are appreciated mainly in the mucosal and submucosal blood vessels. A knowledge of these lesions as well as the changes helps in separating them from other close differentials with specific treatment to be instituted. The pathogenesis of the hemodynamic changes is not well-understood. The underlying factor is increased portal pressure. Studies indicate, that besides increased portal pressure other factors in combination led to the observed changes. Portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) is seen in the gastric body and fundus, while varices are noted in the cardia and fundus. Changes may be seen in the small intestine and throughout the colon with anorectal varices. Histopathological changes include dilated, congested and ectatic capillaries and edema in the lamina propria besides a large spectrum of other histopathological changes. Mucosal capillaries with thick irregular wall show absence of red blood cells in the lumen. Thickening of the vessel wall serves as a better marker than the vascular diameter when portal hypertension (PHT) is considered. Long standing cases may show fibrosis in lamina propria. At times, these changes may lead to occult gastrointestinal bleeding. Important differentials need to be ruled out in all the cases as the treatment and the outcome of all differs. Endoscopically or histopathologically if the mucosal changes are observed they should not be overlooked and a detailed work-up must be carried out.The Indian Association of Pathologists and Microbiologists (IAPM) and Indian Society of Gastroenterology (ISG) decided to make a joint consensus recommendation for handling, processing, and interpretation of SI biopsies for the diagnosis and management of celiac disease (CD) recognizing the inhomogeneous practice of biopsy sampling, orientation, processing, and interpretation. A modified Delphi process was used to develop this consensus document containing a total of 42 statements and recommendations, which were generated by sharing the document draft, incorporating expert's opinion, followed by three cycles of electronic voting as well as a full-day face-to-face virtual ZOOM meeting and review of supporting literature. Of the 42 statements, 7 statements are on small intestinal (SI) biopsy in suspected patients of CD, site and the number of biopsies; 7 on handling, fixative, orientation, processing, and sectioning in pathology laboratories; 2 on histological orientation; 13 statements on histological interpretation and histological grading; 3 on the assessment of follow-up biopsies; 2 statements on gluten-free diet (GFD)-nonresponsive CD; 4 on challenges in the diagnosis of CD; 2 statements each on pathology reporting protocol and training and infrastructure in this area.
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