Notes

Pulp Development associated with Essential oil Hand Empty Fresh fruit Bundles (OPEFBs) by way of Biobleaching through the use of Xylano-Pectinolytic Digestive support enzymes associated with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ADI2.
Summer rainfall can have strong effects on post-fire mediterranean-type shrubland recovery patterns, with potentially long-lasting implications on communities. Our three-year field rainfall manipulation experiment tested post-fire survival and physiological responses of reseeders and resprouters to contrasting summer rainfall patterns in Fynbos and Renosterveld shrublands in South Africa. Climate projections are uncertain for this region but indicate that increased convective summer rainfall events could occur. We irrigated treatment plots during the hottest summer months (i.e. Jan, Feb, March) to contrast the naturally dry summer conditions. This allowed for assessments of the potential limiting effects of summer drought on post-fire vegetation recovery and the responsiveness of vegetation to moisture inputs during this time. Natural summer droughts led to leaf dehydration, reduced photosynthesis and reduced photosynthetic capacity. This had a particularly severe effect on reseeders during the first summer after fire leading to high mortality rates. Summer irrigations strongly reduced levels of reseeder stress and mortality. Resprouters in both vegetation types were physiologically less sensitive to rainfall patterns and showed little drought-related mortality. Comparisons of final population sizes with emergence and survival patterns showed that summer rainfall during the first summer after fire had the potential to strongly alter reseeder population sizes. The physiological sensitivity of plants to summer rainfall patterns was higher in shrubland communities occurring on fine-textured, moderately fertile soils (e.g. Renosterveld). Shrublands occurring on sandy, nutrient-poor soils (e.g. Fynbos) were remarkably insensitive to summer drought after the first summer with lower irrigation responses. Our study demonstrated the potential for variation in post-fire summer rainfall to strongly affect reseeder and resprouter population recovery patterns.The forest floor C stock needs to be accurately estimated in order to quantify its contribution to nutrient cycling and other ecological processes as well as for reporting purposes under international agreements. Hence, a modelling approach was used which involved testing three different types of models (GLM, GAM and random forest) to determine which one provided the best estimates of forest floor C stocks. The dataset employed contained over 1650 observations from different available sources embracing different climatic, topographic and biotic variables to be tested in the model. The approach that provided the best estimation of forest floor C stock was the random forest method, with forest type, latitude, altitude, canopy cover, mean summer temperature, annual accumulated temperature, summer precipitation, water deficit and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) as covariates. To obtain a robust forecast, several iterations of the model were performed to estimate forest floor C stocks from the mean of the predictions. The model estimated a forest floor C stock of 0.148 ± 0.081 Pg, equivalent to a biomass of 0.381 ± 0.214 Pg, for a wooded area of almost 184,000 km2 in peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands. The predictions were also presented in the form of a map showing the spatial distribution of the forest floor C stock. The results revealed a mean forest floor C stock of 8 Mg C ha-1 for Spanish forests and identified differences between coniferous (10.1 Mg C ha-1) and hardwood forests (6.3 Mg C ha-1).Transitional ecosystems are among the most degraded ecosystems worldwide, with several groups of organisms investigated for their reliability as biological indicators of human-driven disturbances. Recently non-traditional biochemical biomarkers such as an individual's fatty acids profile have been identified as promising tools for assessing contaminant exposure. Relacorilant In this work, two abundant Atlantic benthic macroalgae (Ulva lactuca and Fucus vesiculosus species) were surveyed in three mudflat areas of the highly urbanized Tejo estuary, with increasing anthropogenic disturbance degrees (Alcochete, Rosário and Seixal mudflats, increasing in contamination by this order) and their fatty acids evaluated as potential biomarkers for exposure to contaminants known to have toxic effects on biota. In terms of contamination the metal pollution index of all the compartments analysed (sediment bioavailable and total metal concentrations and thallus metal concentrations) revealed the same tendencies with lower contamination ty acid profiles, which are also key molecules from a trophic perspective within the estuarine system. The Multi-PI efficiency in responding to different environmental contamination degrees, was substantiated by strong and positive correlations with thallus and sediment contamination. This indicated that fatty acid profiles reflect thallus and benthic habitat contamination and are efficient biomarkers of environmental metal contamination. Therefore, the sessile and abundant nature of benthic macroalgae allied to their fatty acid responses can be leveraged as suitable biomarkers for contaminant monitoring in future impact assessment and ecotoxicology studies.Automobile friction brakes generate, in addition to coarse particles generated by mechanical processes, highly variable amount of nanoparticles from high temperature processes. The effects of braking conditions - speed, deceleration rate, brake rotor temperatures - on nanoparticle production were investigated here, aiming to provide practical guidance for reducing emissions through driving style and traffic management. Typical brake pads and a rotor from a common passenger car were subjected, on a brake dynamometer, to three runs of the WLTP brake cycle developed for brake wear particle measurements. Additionally, four sets of common brake pads were subjected to those parts of standardized brake performance tests believed to be reasonably realistic for common driving. Particle size distributions (5.6-560 nm electric mobility diameter, without removal of volatiles) show a dominant peak at 10 nm commensurate to the severity of braking and a non-linear increase of the total particle number at higher braking poweand therefore should not be neglected.The lack of empirical evidence on the effect of heat exposure on the health and safety, productivity, psychological behaviour and social well-being outcomes of small- and large-scale mining workers in Africa has derailed concrete policy directions and interventions. An explanatory cross-sectional survey involving 320 small- and large-scale mining workers was used to assess this research gap. A path analysis was used to model health and safety, productivity, psychological behaviour and social well-being as a function of heat exposure, mediated and moderated by adaptation strategies and barriers, while controlling for age, gender, level of education, years of working experience and workplace environment. Significant direct adverse effects of heat exposure on mining workers' health and safety, productivity and psychological behaviour outcomes were found. Using a pick-a-point approach, significant difference was found in simple slopes (SS) for heat exposure on adaptation strategies at medium level of barriers and a trend toward significance at the high level of barriers. Except for health and safety outcomes, there were significant conditional indirect effects of heat exposure on the performance outcomes at the medium and high levels of barriers to adaptation strategies. However, there was no evidence of mediated-moderation for heat exposure and health and safety, productivity, psychological behaviour and social well-being outcomes. We have provided empirical evidence to establish heat exposure effect on key performance outcomes of mining workers to initiate and guide the formulation of heat exposure management policies.This study examined the feasibility of a novel treatment train that combines electrocoagulation (EC) with electrooxidation (EO) treatment to remove and degrade per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from water. Electrocoagulation with a zinc anode could effectively remove PFASs from water, and long-chain PFASs (C7-C10) tended to have a higher removal rate. Foam was generated when a relatively high current density (>1 mA cm-2) was applied to a relatively high PFAS concentration (each PFAS > 0.1 μM) during EC, which promoted the separation of PFASs from the bulk solution, especially for long-chain PFASs. Isotherm-like adsorption results indicated that competitive adsorption on floc occurred between PFASs when no foam was produced in a solution containing 10 different PFASs. Acid dissolution methods could recover and concentrate 10 PFASs in controlled volumes from both the floc and the foam, and it was also successfully applied in groundwater collected from a contaminated site. The concentrated PFASs in the acid solutions were efficiently destructed using EO treatment with a Ti4O7 anode at 10 mA cm-2, and no supplement of electrolyte was needed for the floc dissolved solution. This electrochemical-based process can economically separate, concentrate and destroy PFASs in groundwater and wastewater.The emission characteristics, source apportionment and chemical behavior of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important for strategy-making on ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) control. Based on the continuous observation during four seasons, the seasonal characteristics, chemical reactivity and source apportionment of 116 VOCs species were studied in a typical semi-arid city with no relevant research. The results showed that the annual average concentrations of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) in Hohhot was 44.67 ± 46.59 ppbv with the predominant of alkanes and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs). The sharp increment of TVOCs were explained by the elevating OVOCs and alkanes in autumn, while alkanes and alkenes in winter. The levels of alkenes presented negative and positive correlations with solar radiation and PM10, respectively. The mixing ratios accounted for 30% (alkanes) and 23% (alkenes and aromatics) of the TVOCs, respectively; while their ozone formation potential emi-arid regional VOCs air pollution.Chlordecone (CLD) is an organochlorine pesticide widely used from the 1970s to the 1990s in the French West Indies that induced long-term pollution of the ecosystem. Due to involuntary soil ingestion, some species bred in open-air areas can be contaminated. As CLD is distributed in various tissues depending on the breeding species, this study focuses on the distribution of CLD in bovines. For this purpose, three tissues, i.e. fat, muscle, and liver, from 200 bovines originating from Martinique and Guadeloupe were sampled in 2016 to determine their endemic contamination levels. Analyses were performed with the official method for veterinary controls, isotopic dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, which has been fully validated and which reaches a limit of quantification of 3 μg.kg-1 fresh weight (fw). Irrespective of the matrices, CLD was detected in 68% of samples (404 samples above the LOD) and quantified in 59% of samples (332 samples above the LOQ). Regarding contamination levels, the liver had a broader range of concentrations (LOQ up to 420.
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