Notes

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59 mg/g. This work studies the catalytic performance and mechanism of SO2 removal and proposes a strategy to improve the catalytic activity by phase structure.Ambient particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) exposure has been linked to pulmonary fibrosis. However, the key signaling pathways remained unclear. In the present study, we applied a mouse model with myeloid-specific deletion of Ppp2r1a gene (encoding protein phosphatase 2 A (PP2A) A subunit) to identify the key signaling pathways involved in PM2.5-induced pulmonary fibrosis. PP2A Aα-/- homozygote mice and matched wild-type (WT) littermates were exposed to filtered air (FA), unfiltered air (UA), and concentrated PM2.5 (CA) in a real-ambient PM exposure system for 8 weeks and 16 weeks, respectively. The mice exposed to PM2.5 displayed a progressive inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis. Moreover, the expressions of NLRP3, pro-caspase-1, caspase-1, ASC and IL-1β were increased in mice lung following PM2.5 exposure, indicating PM2.5 exposure caused pulmonary inflammation by the NLRP3 pathways activation. Furthermore, the effects of PM exposure on pulmonary inflammation, pulmonary fibrosis, oxidative stress, and pulmonary function damage were significantly enhanced in PP2A-/- mice compared to WT mice, indicating the role of PP2A in the regulation of pulmonary injury induced by PM exposure. In vitro study confirmed that PP2A was involved in the PM2.5-induced inflammation response and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Importantly, we identified PP2A regulated the activation of NLRP3 pathways by direct dephosphorylating IRE1α in response to PM2.5 exposure. Taken together, our results demonstrated that PP2A-IRE1α-NLRP3 signaling pathway played a crucial role in regulating the inflammation response, triggering the lung fibrogenesis upon PM2.5 exposure. Our findings provide new insights into regulatory role of PP2A in human diseases upon the PM exposure.Kuwait Group aquifers and Dammam Formation are the two prominent aquifers, the wells tapping Dammam Formation and Dual completion wells are used for groundwater production. The current study investigates the spatiotemporal evolution of hydrochemical characteristics of the Shagaya water field utilizing long-term (1975-2019) hydrochemical data from 116 water wells. The Shagaya water well field has been differentiated into A to F sub-Fields. Mann-Kendall and Sen's Slope method along with spatial interpolation of change in TDS with time identified a significant decrease in TDS with time in the major portions of the Shagaya B, C, D, and E Fields. The study infers that 82% of wells extracting water from the Dammam Formation and 42% of Dual completion wells show a decrease in TDS concentration. The most plausible explanation for this phenomenon was the inflow of better-quality water from the up gradient parts of the Kuwait Group and the Dammam Formation aquifers due to the fall in the potentiometric head with high volume production in the well field. The results of ionic ratios (Na/Cl, Ca/Mg, Ca/SO4, Ca + Mg/SO4+HCO3), isotopes (34S, 87Sr/86Sr), relationships between 2H and 18O, and Ne/He and 3He/4He ratios identified that salinization was due to the result of rock-water interaction, ion exchange, mixing between groundwater of Kuwait Group and Dammam Formation and with groundwater from deeper parts of the aquifer. The long-term analysis of the data shows a notable variation of chemistry in a few locations and thus the study helps to manage, sustain groundwater resources, and protection of host aquifers.Exposure to potentially toxic trace elements (PTTEs) in inhalable particulate matter (PM10) is associated with an increased risk of developing cardiorespiratory diseases. Therefore, in multi-source polluted urban contexts, a spatially-resolved evaluation of health risks associated with exposure to PTTEs in PM is essential to identify critical risk areas. In this study, a very-low volume device for high spatial resolution sampling and analysis of PM10 was employed in Terni (Central Italy) in a wide and dense network (23 sampling sites, about 1 km between each other) during a 15-month monitoring campaign. The soluble and insoluble fraction of 33 elements in PM10 was analysed through a chemical fractionation procedure that increased the selectivity of the elements as source tracers. Total carcinogenic risk (CR) and non-carcinogenic risk (NCR) for adults and children due to concentrations of PTTEs in PM10 were calculated and quantitative source-specific risk apportionment was carried out by applying Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) to the spatially-resolved concentrations of the chemically fractionated elements. PMF analysis identified 5 factors steel plant, biomass burning, brake dust, soil dust and road dust. Steel plant showed the greatest risk contribution. Total CR and NCR, and source-specific risk contributions at the 23 sites were interpolated using the ordinary kriging (OK) method and mapped to geo-reference the health risks of the identified sources in the whole study area. This also allowed risk estimation in areas not directly measured and the assessment of the risk contribution of individual sources at each point of the study area. This innovative experimental approach is an effective tool to localize the health risks of spatially disaggregated sources of PTTEs and it may allow for better planning of control strategies and mitigation measures to reduce airborne pollutant concentrations in urban settings polluted by multiple sources.The effect of temperature, salinity and body-size on depuration of naturally accumulated heavy metals in clams, mussels and oysters harvested from Ashtamudi and Vembanad estuaries of Kerala, India were investigated using a static depuration system. Before depuration, the concentrations of heavy metals such as Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb and Zn were analysed and it was found that the Fe, Zn, Cu and Pb contents in all the three bivalve molluscs were above the prescribed limit which poses a significant health risk to bivalve consumers. To protect consumer food safety, depuration experiments were conducted at varying temperatures, salinities and body-sizes. The clams, mussels and oysters depurated under the room temperature depuration system (RTDS) showed a better reduction of heavy metals compared with low-temperature depuration system (LTDS). ANOVA showed clams and mussels depurated at RTDS significantly (p 65 mm length) as optimum conditions for producing safe bivalves for consumption in the tropics.Polymeric quaternary ammonium salts (polyquaternium-10 polymers, PQ-10) are extensively used as components of hair care products, lotions, and makeup and, therefore, are present in domestic sewage. Adsorption of these polymers by activated sludge was assessed to evaluate their removal by a commonly used wastewater treatment process. Activated sludge solids (ASS) were dosed with PQ-10 polymers with relatively high molecular mass (JR-125 and JR-30 M) and relatively low molecular mass (LR-400 and LR-30 M) and equilibrated for 2 h at 20 ± 2 °C. After equilibration, the vessels with the mixtures were centrifuged and the supernatants were analyzed with a phenol method. WM-8014 nmr The relationships between dosed amounts and equilibrium concentrations in the aqueous phase (dose-response curves) for each tested polymer indicated that at relatively low dosing solution concentrations were negligible ("total adsorption" region of the dose-response curve). Light absorbance of the samples prepared for determination of polymer concentration using a phenol method within this region was close to the absorbance of the blank (0 μg (a.i.)/mL) or below absorbance of the blank, resulting in calculated concentrations apparently below zero. At some level of dosing, a subsequent increase in polymer dosage resulted in a quantifiable increase in solution concentration ("solution concentration rising" region). The relationships between concentrations of the polymers in the aqueous phase and concentrations of adsorbed polymers (adsorption isotherms) were non-linear. The ability of activated sludge solids to bind tested polymers may be characterized by apparent "threshold values" of the loading for each polymer. Below the "threshold value," solution concentration of the polymer is close to zero and above this value it becomes measurable. "Threshold loading" for all polymers was from 50 to 100 mg (a.i.)/g, far above concentrations of these compounds expected to be present in the sewage.The treatment of recalcitrant micropollutants in water remains challenging. Ferrate(VI) (FeVIO42-, Fe(VI)) has emerged as a green oxidant to oxidize organic molecules, however, its reactivity with recalcitrant micropollutants are sluggish. Our results demonstrate enhanced oxidation of carbamazepine (CBZ) by three types of visible light-responsive graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) photocatalyst in absence and presence of ferrate(VI) (FeVIO42-, Fe(VI)) under mild alkaline conditions. The g-C3N4 photocatalysts were prepared by thermal process using urea, thiourea, and melamine and were named as CN-U, CN-T, and CN-M, respectively. The degradation efficiency of CBZ, in both visible light-g-C3N4 and visible light-g-C3N4-FeVIO42- systems followed the order of CN-U > CN-T > CN-M. The mechanisms for this trend was elucidated by measuring physiochemical properties of the microstructures with various surface and analytical techniques. Results suggest the dominating role of specific surface area and surface delocalized electrons of microstructures in degrading CBZ. Crystallinity, morphology, and surface functional groups may not directly associate with CBZ degradation. The CN-U has higher specific surface area and surface delocalized electrons than CN-T and CN-M and therefore the highest degradation efficiency of CBZ. The surface electrons likely generated O2●- and 1O2 in the visible light-g-C3N4 system. The additional oxidants, FeV and FeIV in the visible light-g-C3N4- FeVIO42- system led to higher degradation efficiency than the visible light-g-C3N4 system. Results suggest that the surfaces of g-C3N4 may be prepared preferentially with high levels of delocalized electrons at the surface of microstructures to enhance degradation of micropollutants.Atmospheric microplastics have been widely reported in studies around the world. Microfibres are often the dominant morphology found by researchers, although synthetic (i.e., plastic) microfibres are typically just a fraction of the total number of microfibres, with other, non-synthetic, cellulosic microfibres frequently being reported. This study set out to review existing literature to determine the relative proportion of cellulosic and synthetic atmospheric anthropogenic (man-made) microfibres, discuss trends in the microfibre abundances, and outline proposed best-practices for future studies. We conducted a systematic review of the existing literature and identified 33 peer-reviewed articles from Scopus and Google Scholar searches that examined cellulosic microfibres and synthetic microfibres in the atmosphere. Multiple analyses indicate that cellulosic microfibres are considerably more common than synthetic microfibres. FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy data obtained from 24 studies, showed that 57% of microfibres were cellulosic and 23% were synthetic.
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