Notes

An easy vapor-diffusion strategy enables health proteins crystallization within the HARE serial crystallography chip.
This article considers a broad perspective of "One Health" that includes local and animal knowledge. Drawing from various colonial efforts to link human, animal, and environmental health, it first shows that the current "One Health" initiative has its roots in colonial engagement and coincides with a need to secure the health of administrators (controlling that of local populations), while pursing use of resources. In our contemporary period of repeated epidemic outbreaks, we then discuss the need for greater inclusion of social science knowledge for a better understanding of complex socio-ecological systems. We show how considering anthropology and allied sub-disciplines (anthropology of nature, medical anthropology, and human-animal studies) highlights local knowledge on biodiversity as well as the way social scientists investigate diversity in relation to other forms of knowledge. Acknowledging recent approaches, specifically multispecies ethnography, the article then aims to include not only local knowledge but also non-human knowledge for a better prevention of epidemic outbreaks. Finally, the conclusion stresses the need to adopt the same symmetrical approach to scientific and profane knowledge as a way to decolonize One Health, as well as to engage in a more-than-human approach including non-human animals as objects-subjects of research.
There remains disagreement on the long-term effect of mammographic screening in women aged 40-49 years.

The long-term follow-up of a randomised controlled trial that offered annual mammography to women aged 40-49 years. The estimation of the effect of these mammograms on breast cancer and other-cause mortality, and the effect on incidence, with implications for overdiagnosis.

An individually randomised controlled trial comparing offering annual mammography with offering usual care in those aged 40-48 years, and thus evaluating the effect of annual screening entirely taking place before the age of 50 years. There was follow-up for an average of 23 years for breast cancer incidence, breast cancer death and death from other causes. We analysed the mortality and incidence data by Poisson regression and estimated overdiagnosis formally using Markov process models.

Twenty-three screening units in England, Wales and Scotland within the NHS Breast Screening Programme.

Women aged 39-41 years were recruited bTechnology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 24, No. 55. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information. Other funding in the past has been received from the Medical Research Council, Cancer Research UK, the Department of Health and Social Care, the US National Cancer Institute and the American Cancer Society.Accumulating evidence suggests that humans could be considered as holobionts in which the gut microbiota play essential functions. Initial metagenomic studies reported a pattern of shared genes in the gut microbiome of different individuals, leading to the definition of the minimal gut metagenome as the set of microbial genes necessary for homeostasis and present in all healthy individuals. This study analyses the minimal gut metagenome of the most comprehensive dataset available, including individuals from agriculturalist and industrialist societies, also embodying highly diverse ethnic and geographical backgrounds. The outcome, based on metagenomic predictions for community composition data, resulted in a minimal metagenome comprising 3412 genes, mapping to 1856 reactions and 128 metabolic pathways predicted to occur across all individuals. These results were substantiated by the analysis of two additional datasets describing the microbial community compositions of larger Western cohorts, as well as a substantial shotgun metagenomics dataset. Subsequent analyses showed the plausible metabolic complementarity provided by the minimal gut metagenome to the human genome.A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, motile by single polar flagellum and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated JBTF-M23T, was isolated from tidal flat sediment collected from the Yellow Sea, Republic of Korea. Neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain JBTF-M23T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of Pseudoalteromonas species, clustering with the type strains of P. byunsanensis and P. amylolytica. Strain JBTF-M23T exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value (98.6 %) to the type strain of P. rubra and sequence similarities of 98.3 and 97.7 % to the type strains of P. byunsanensis and P. amylolytica, respectively. The DNA G+C content of strain JBTF-M23T from genomic sequence data was 41.98 %. The ANI and dDDH values between strain JBTF-M23T and the type strains of P. rubra, P. byunsanensis and P. amylolytica were 71.3-76.6 and 19.4-19.9 %, respectively. Strain JBTF-M23T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and C16  1 ω7c and/or C16  1 ω6c, C16  0 and C18  1 ω7c as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain JBTF-M23T were phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified aminolipid. Distinguished phenotypic properties, along with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain JBTF-M23T is separated from recognized Pseudoalteromonas species. On the basis of the data presented, strain JBTF-M23Tis considered to represent a novel species of the genus Pseudoalteromonas, for which the name Pseudoalteromonas caenipelagi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JBTF-M23T(=KACC 19900T=NBRC 113647T).A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, yellow-pigmented bacterium was isolated from seawater of Aoshan Bay, and designated as strain ASW18T. Strain ASW18T was a long-rod-shaped bacterium without flagellum and lacked gliding ability. Based on 16S rRNA gene phylogeny, strain ASW18T showed the closest relationship to Croceivirga radicis MCCC 1A06690T, with a sequence similarity of 97.0 %. Strain ASW18T was able to grow at 25-40 °C, at pH 5.5-9.5 and with 0.5-9 % (w/v) NaCl. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain ASW18T was 37.3 %. The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain ASW18T were iso-C15  0, iso-C17  0 3-OH and iso-C15  1 G. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, an aminolipid and three unidentified lipids. The respiratory quinone of strain ASW18T was menaquinone with six isoprene units (MK-6). Based on the present polyphasic analysis, strain ASW18T represents a novel species of the genus Croceivirga, for which the name Croceivirga litoralis sp. nov. Selleck TL12-186 is proposed; the type strain is ASW18T (=MCCC 1K04203T=KCTC 72852T). In addition, it is also proposed that Muricauda lutea should be reclassified as Croceivirga lutea comb. nov.; the type strain is CSW06T (=CGMCC 1.15761T=JCM 31455T=KCTC 52375T=MCCC 1K03195T).Voluntary forgetting is accomplished via top-down control over memory contents. Age-related declines in cognitive control may compromise voluntary forgetting. Using a working-memory variant of a directed forgetting task, we examined age differences in forgetting efficacy by analyzing direct measures of memory accuracy and two indirect measures of retention proactive interference and semantic distortions. The directed forgetting effect in long-term memory was virtually absent in older adults. Further, compared to young adults, older adults recognized fewer to-be-remembered and more to-be-forgotten items in working memory. However, indirect measures of forgetting efficacy suggest some spared ability to control working memory contents in older adults Both young and older adult participants exhibited reduced proactive interference for to-be-forgotten words (Experiment 1) and reduced semantic errors to to-be-forgotten list associates (Experiment 2) in working memory. Indirect memory measures of forgetting efficacy can provide a fuller understanding of spared and impaired control processes in older adults.This study aimed to determine if older adults "at-risk" for dementia (those with MCI or SMC) exhibit accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF) and whether rate of forgetting (RoF) is associated with sleep efficiency, hippocampal volume and demographic/clinical features. Forty-nine "at-risk" participants and eighteen controls underwent examination. Memory was assessed using the Scene Memory Task (SMT) and WMS-III Logical Memory (LM) subtest. Tests were administered at baseline, 24 hours and 2 weeks. While our study did not find ALF in those "at-risk" for dementia, on the SMT, RoF over 24 hours and 2 weeks was negatively correlated with sleep efficiency. For LM, RoF at 2 weeks was moderately associated with left hippocampal volume. Neither visual or verbal RoF was correlated with demographic or clinical variables (age, MMSE, IQ, GDS-15). While ALF was not observed in this sample, our results suggest that visual and verbal forgetting have differential predictors.Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI) comprise a class of broad-spectrum fungicides utilized for management of diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi. In many cases, reduced sensitivity to SDHI fungicides has been correlated with point mutations in the SdhB and SdhC target genes that encode components of the succinate dehydrogenase complex. The genetic basis of SDHI fungicide resistance mechanisms, however, has been functionally characterized in very few fungi. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a fast-growing and SDHI fungicide-sensitive phytopathogenic fungus that can be conveniently transformed. Given the high amino acid sequence similarity and putative structural similarity of SDHI protein target sites between S. sclerotiorum and other common phytopathogenic ascomycete fungi, we developed an in vitro heterologous expression system that used S. sclerotiorum as a reporter strain. With this system, we were able to demonstrate the function of mutant SdhB or SdhC alleles from several ascomycete fungi in conferring resistance to multiple SDHI fungicides. In total, we successfully validated the function of Sdh alleles that had been previously identified in field isolates of Botrytis cinerea, Blumeriella jaapii, and Clarireedia jacksonii (formerly S. homoeocarpa) in conferring resistance to boscalid, fluopyram or fluxapyroxad, and used site-directed mutagenesis to construct and phenotype a mutant allele that is not yet known to exist in Monilinia fructicola populations. We also examined the functions of these alleles in conferring cross-resistance to more recently introduced SDHIs including inpyrfluxam, pydiflumetofen, and pyraziflumid. The approach developed in this study can potentially be widely applied to interrogate SDHI fungicide resistance mechanisms in other phytopathogenic ascomycetes.Lettuce downy mildew, caused by Bremia lactucae Regel, is the most economically important foliar disease of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The deployment of resistant cultivars carrying dominant resistance genes (Dm genes) plays a crucial role in integrated downy mildew disease management; however, high variability in pathogen populations leads to the defeat of plant resistance conferred by Dm genes. Some lettuce cultivars exhibit field resistance that is only manifested in adult plants. Two populations of recombinant inbred lines (RILs), originating from crosses between the field resistant cultivars Grand Rapids and Iceberg and susceptible cultivars Salinas and PI491224, were evaluated for downy mildew resistance under field conditions. In all, 160 RILs from the Iceberg × PI491224 and 88 RILs from the Grand Rapids × Salinas populations were genotyped using genotyping by sequencing, which generated 906 and 746 high-quality markers, respectively, that were used for quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. We found a QTL in chromosome 4 that is present in both Grand Rapids × Salinas and Iceberg × PI491224 populations that has a major effect on field resistance.
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