Notes

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Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE)3 and PDE4 provide the major PDE activity in cardiac myocytes and shape β1-adrenoceptor-dependent cardiac cAMP signaling but their role in regulating β2-adrenoceptor-mediated responses is less well known. We investigated potential differences in PDE3 and PDE4 activities between right (RV) and left (LV) ventricular myocardium, and their role in regulating β2-adrenoceptor effects. PDE3 activity in the microsomal fraction was lower in RV than in LV but was the same in the cytosolic fraction. However, no significant difference between RV and LV was found when the PDE4 activity was studied. β2-adrenoceptor activation increased inotropism and lusitropism in LV when measured in the presence of either the PDE3 inhibitor cilostamide, the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram or a non-selective PDE inhibitor IBMX. However, the joint inhibition of both PDE3 and PDE4 was necessary in RV to uncover β2-adrenoceptor-induced inotropic and lusitropic effects. Our results indicate different regulation of β2-adrenoceptor-mediated contractility by PDE3 and PDE4 in RV and LV of the rat heart. In the case of PDE3 due to a different contribution of the enzyme in the microsomal fraction whereas in the case of PDE4 it can be attributed to differences in the intracellular distribution and coupling to β2-adrenoceptors.
The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to evaluate empowerment in woman with breast cancer and to examine the validity and reliability of the scale.

The development process for the initial items included a literature review, interviews, and construction of a conceptual framework. The identified items were evaluated for content validity by experts, resulting in 3 factors and 48 preliminary items. Participants were 319 women with breast cancer recruited to test reliability and validity of the preliminary scale. Data were analyzed using item analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, criterion related validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability.

The final scale consisted of 30 items and 3 factors. Factors, including 'intrapersonal factor' (14 items), 'interactional factor' (8 items), and 'behavioral factor' (8 items), were drawn up after confirmatory factor analysis. Goodness of fit of the final research model was very appropriate as shown by χ²/df=1.86, TLI=.90, CFI=.92, SRMR=.06, and RMSEA=.05. Criterion validity was evaluated by total correlation with the Cancer Empowerment Questionnaire .78. Cronbach's alpha for total items was .93 and test-retest reliability was .69.

Findings from this study indicate that the scale can be used in the development of nursing interventions to promote the empowerment of women having breast cancer.
Findings from this study indicate that the scale can be used in the development of nursing interventions to promote the empowerment of women having breast cancer.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the levels of physical symptoms, anxiety, depression, and quality of life (QOL) during chemotherapy for colorectal cancer patients in South Korea and to identify factors influencing their QOL.

Data were collected from 144 colorectal cancer patients receiving chemotherapy during 2012 at one general hospital located in Seoul. Physical symptoms were measured by the M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory-Gastrointestinal Cancer Module, and anxiety and depression were measured by the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale. Bcl-xL apoptosis QOL was measured by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Colorectal. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffé post hoc test, Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regression.

Mean age of the participants was 56.6 and most of them were not employed. In terms of cancer stage, 38.2% were in stage 3, followed by stage 4 (34.7%). The most frequent symptom was lack of appetite, followed by sleep disturbance and fatigue. The mean score for anxiety was 5.40 with a prevalence of 23% and that of depression 8.85 with a prevalence of 64.6%. The mean score for quality of life was 81.93 out of 136 and 75.3% of the variance in QOL was explained by depression, symptoms, anxiety, treatment place, and occupational status. Depression was the strongest predictive factor.

Oncology professionals need to pay special attention to relieving depression as well as physical symptoms to improve QOL during chemotherapy for colorectal cancer patients.
Oncology professionals need to pay special attention to relieving depression as well as physical symptoms to improve QOL during chemotherapy for colorectal cancer patients.
The purpose of this study was to identify the factors relating to resilience for adolescents with leukemia and examine the relationship between these factors.

From June to September in 2014, 199 adolescents aged 11 to 21 participated in the study as they visited the out-patient clinic at C university hospital for follow-up care. To verify the predictors and the effects of resilience, uncertainty, symptom distress, perceived social support, spiritual perspective, defensive coping, courageous coping, hope, and self-transcendence were measured. Collected data were analyzed using hierarchical regression analysis with the SAS statistics program.

The final regression model showed that courageous coping, hope, and self-transcendence were significant predictors related to resilience in adolescents with leukemia and explained for 63% of the variance in resilience.

The findings indicate that adolescent-oriented intervention programs enhancing courageous coping, hope, and self-transcendence should be provide for adolescents with leukemia in order to overcome illness-related stress and support physical, psychological and social adjustment.
The findings indicate that adolescent-oriented intervention programs enhancing courageous coping, hope, and self-transcendence should be provide for adolescents with leukemia in order to overcome illness-related stress and support physical, psychological and social adjustment.
To identify the effects of foot reflexology massage on fatigue, stress and depression of postpartum women.

A nonequivalent control group pre-post design was used. A total of 70 women in a postpartum care center were recruited and were assigned to the experimental group (35) or control group (35). Foot reflexology massage was provided to the experimental group once a day for three days. Data were collected before and after the intervention program which was carried out from December, 2013 to February, 2014. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and t-test.

The level of fatigue in the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group (t=-2.74, p=.008). The level of cortisol in the urine of women in the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group (t=-2.19, p=.032). The level of depression in the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group (t=-3.00, p=.004).

The results show that the foot reflexology massage is an effective nursing intervention to relieve fatigue, stress, and depression for postpartum women.
The results show that the foot reflexology massage is an effective nursing intervention to relieve fatigue, stress, and depression for postpartum women.
The purpose of this study was to develop a self-management program applying Dongsasub training based on self-efficacy theory, and to verify the program effectiveness on self-esteem as well as self-efficacy, self-management behaviors, and blood pressure.

The study design was a non-equivalent, pre-post controlled quasi-experiment study. Thirty-eight patients aged 65 and older from a senior welfare center in Seoul participated in this study (20 patients in the experimental group and 18 patients in the control group). The self-management program applying Dongsasub training consisted of eight sessions. After development was complete the program was used with the experimental group. Outcome variables included self-efficacy, self-esteem, self-management behaviors measured by questionnaires, and blood pressure measured by electronic manometer.

Self-efficacy (t=2.42, p=.021), self-esteem (t=2.57, p=.014) and self-management behaviors (t=2.21, p=.034) were significantly higher and systolic blood pressure (t=-2.14, p=.040) was significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the control group. However, diastolic blood pressure (t=-.85, p=.400) was not significantly different between the two groups.

The results indicate that the self-management program applying Dongsasub training can be used as a nursing intervention in community settings for improving self-management behaviors for older adults with hypertension.
The results indicate that the self-management program applying Dongsasub training can be used as a nursing intervention in community settings for improving self-management behaviors for older adults with hypertension.
The purpose of the study was to examine mission statements and their elements and to investigate correlations between mission statements and organizational performance.

The current research was a descriptive study based on the examination of mission statements of 353 hospitals that posted mission statements on their webpage and 92 hospitals that made their income statements public.

The most common mission element was 'identification of principal services', which accounted for 92.6%. Mission statements of hospitals included the average of 4.82 mission elements out of 9, and the objective of medical quality improvement was 0.81 among 6 objectives of IOM (Institute of Medicine). Net profit of hospitals with mission statements that have above average number of mission elements were significantly higher (t=2.71, p=.008) than those of other hospitals. Net profit was significantly correlated with mission statements (r=.26, p<.001), and mission elements (r=.29, p<.001).

The results of the study empirically reveal that mission statements in the hospital affect organizational performance. That is, better organizational performance is shown for hospitals with better, more diversified, and more firmly stated mission statements which include identification of target customers, identification of principal services, contribution to society as a non-profit organization, and concern for employees.
The results of the study empirically reveal that mission statements in the hospital affect organizational performance. That is, better organizational performance is shown for hospitals with better, more diversified, and more firmly stated mission statements which include identification of target customers, identification of principal services, contribution to society as a non-profit organization, and concern for employees.
The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a self-management program based on INR monitoring for patients with cardiac valve replacement.

This program was comprised of five weekly sessions based on Sousa's Enhance-Behavior Performance Model. The first session included individual teaching, and the other four sessions included Prothrombin Time International Normalized Ratios (PT INR) self-monitoring, telephone counseling and self-management checklist recording. Participants were patients who had cardiac valve replacement. They were randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. Sixteen in the experimental group participated in the self-management program and seventeen in the control group participated in general care. Self-management knowledge, self-efficacy, self-management behavior and PT INR were measured as dependent variables. Data were analyzed using Mann Whitney U-test, t-test and ANCOVA.

The experimental group showed significantly higher post-test scores in self-management knowledge (t=5.
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