Notes

Uneven Synthesis involving Fluorinated Allenes simply by Rhodium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Alkylation/Defluorination of Propargyl Difluorides with Alkylzincs.
the specified climatic zone. The analysis of world trends and experience in the blackberry breeding and variety study, as well as the results of our own research of the culture conducted in the Orel region, allow us to consider it promising and relevant to work on improving the range of varieties of this plant in Central Russia. All priority areas of blackberry breeding, indicated in foreign and domestic breeding programs (winter hardiness, high quality of fresh and processed fruit, the correct shape of berries, their large size, the necessary values of biochemical composition, high productivity of plants, thornless shoots and high resistance to diseases and pests), are relevant for this region of our country, while high winter hardiness is currently the most important of them.Intragenomic polymorphism of ITS1 and ITS2 of nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences was analysed in 33 samples belonging to the Nitraria species N. schoberi, N. Zamaporvint inhibitor sibirica, and N. komarovii. The nucleotide variability of the ITS region was detected in the Nitraria species as single-nucleotide substitutions (mainly transitions) and single-nucleotide deletion. Information about the nucleotide variability of fragments is given for the first time by us. The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region contained 17 phylogenetically informative single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Eleven single-nucleotide substitutions (transitions, C/T) were detected in ITS1. The ITS2 spacer contained 273-274 bp and was more conservative. A total of 5 phylogenetically informative single-nucleotide polymorphisms (4 transitions C/T, G/A, one transversion G/C), one single-nucleotide deletion (T/-) were detected in ITS2. The average GC content was 61.5 %. The GC content was lower in N. sibirica (59.2 %) than in N. schoberi and N. komarovii (62.7 %). It has been shown te currently continuing.In connection with the development of breeding and the creation of new plant varieties, the problem of their genotyping and identification is becoming increasingly important, therefore the use of molecular methods to identify genetic originality and assess plant genetic diversity appears to be relevant. As part of the work performed, informative ISSR and IRAP DNA markers promising for the study of genetic diversity of the Rosa L. genus were sought and applied to analysis of genetic relationships among 26 accessions of the genus Rosa L. from the gene pool collection of Nikita Botanical Gardens. They included 18 cultivated varieties and 8 accessions of wild species. The species sample included representatives of two subgenera, Rosa and Platyrhodon. The subgenus Platyrhodon was represented by one accession of the species R. roxburghii Tratt. Cultivated roses were represented by varieties of garden groups hybrid tea, floribunda, and grandiflora. The tested markers included 32 ISSRs and 13 IRAPs. Five ISSR markersthe cultivated varieties of garden roses, the most genetically isolated varieties were 'Flamingo', 'Queen Elizabeth', and 'Kordes Sondermeldung'; for most of the other varieties, groups of the greatest genetic similarity were identified. This assessment reflects general trends in phylogenetic relationships, both among the studied species of the genus and among cultivated varieties.Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important food crops in the world. The genome of this potato species is autotetraploid and has a high level of heterozygosity, also this potato species is a cross-pollinated plant. These characteristics complicate the genetic analysis and breeding process. The tuber's eye depth is an important trait that affects the suitability of potato varieties for processing. Potato breeding for this trait is based on phenotypic assessment. Identification of the loci that control tuber eye depth would allow diagnostic markers for the marker-assisted selection to be created. The aim of this study is to search for loci associated with the eye depth by analyzing Solanum tuberosum varieties from the GenAgro collection of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, genotyped using the Illumina 22K SNP potato array DNA chip. The 24 significant markers associated with the "eye depth" trait were identified using 15,214 SNP markers genotyped with the Illumina 22K SNP potato array chip and the general linear model (GLM) taking into account the population structure. Data obtained showed the presence of SNPs in four genomic regions on chromosome 4 (1 marker in the 3.92 Mb area), 5 (1 marker in the 4.67 Mb area) and 10 (1 marker in the 4.87 Mb area and 21 markers in the region between 48.1-48.9 Mb). The results of localization in the region 48.1-48.9 Mb of chromosome 10 correspond to previously published studies, the remaining three regions were detected for the first time. DNA sections containing SNPs linked to the tuber's eye depth were studied in the SolTub_3.0 potato genome assembly (https//plants.ensembl.org/). link2 KASP markers were developed based on the data obtained. It will be possible to screen the breeding material and to breed the varieties more effectively using current markers associated with a shallow tuber's eye depth.Microsatellite (SSR) markers with known precise intrachromosomal locations are widely used for mapping genes in rye and for the investigation of wheat-rye translocation lines and triticale highly demanded for mapping economically important genes and QTL-analysis. One of the sources of novel SSR markers in rye are microsatellites transferable from the wheat genome. Broadening the list of available SSRs in rye mapped to chromosomes is still needed, since some rye chromosome maps still have just a few microsatellite loci mapped. The goal of the current study was to integrate wheat EST-SSRs into the existing rye genetic maps and to construct a consensus rye microsatellite map. Four rye mapping populations (P87/P105, N6/N2, N7/N2 and N7/N6) were tested with CFE (EST-SSRs) primers. A total of 23 Xcfe loci were mapped on rye chromosomes Xcfe023, -136 and -266 on chromosome 1R, Xcfe006, -067, -175 and -187 on 2R, Xcfe029 and -282 on 3R, Xcfe004, -100, -152, -224 and -260 on 4R, Xcfe037, -208 and -270 on 5R, Xcfe124, -159 and -277 on 6R, Xcfe010, -143 and -228 on 7R. With the exception of Xcfe159 and Xcfe224, all the Xcfe loci mapped were found in orthologous positions considering multiple evolutionary translocations in the rye genome relative to those of common wheat. The consensus map was constructed using mapping data from the four bi-parental populations. It contains a total of 123 microsatellites, 12 SNPs, 118 RFLPs and 2 isozyme loci.Conservation of plant genetic diversity, including economically important crops, is the foundation for food safety. About 90 % of the world's crop genetic diversity is stored as seeds in genebanks. During storage seeds suffer physiological stress consequences, one of which is the accumulation of free radicals, primarily reactive oxygen species (ROS). An increase in ROS leads to oxidative stress, which negatively affects the quality of seeds and can lead to a complete loss of their viability. The review summarizes data on biochemical processes that affect seed longevity. The data on the destructive effect of free radicals towards plant cell macromolecules are analyzed, and the ways to eliminate excessive ROS in plants, the most important of which is the glutathioneascorbate pathway, are discussed. The relationship between seed dormancy and seed longevity is examined. Studying seeds of different plant species revealed a negative correlation between seed dormancy and longevity, while various authors who researched Arabidopsis seeds reported both positive and negative correlations between dormancy and seed longevity. A negative correlation between seed dormancy and viability probably means that seeds are able to adapt to changing environmental conditions. This review provides a summary of Arabidopsis genes associated with seed viability. By now, a significant number of loci and genes affecting seed longevity have been identified. This review contains a synopsis of modern studies on the viability of barley seeds. QTLs associated with barley seed longevity were identified on chromosomes 2H, 5H and 7H. In the QTL regions studied, the Zeo1, Ale, nud, nadp-me, and HvGR genes were identified. However, there is still no definite answer as to which genes would serve as markers of seed viability in a certain plant species.Obesity and diabetes mellitus are known to lead to the development of metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The mechanisms of programmed cell death are actively involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis along development of NAFLD. Proteins of the BCL-2 family are key regulators of physiological and pathological apoptosis. Homozygous males of BKS.Cg-Dock7mLeprdb/+/+/J mice (db/db mice) are characterized by progressive obesity and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) with severe hyperglycemia at 4-8 weeks and organ lesions at 8-10 weeks of age. The aim of this research was to study the expression of molecular cell regulators of apoptosis in liver cells of db/db mice males at different stages of obesity and diabetes development (at the age of 10 and 18 weeks). link3 Immunohistochemical analysis (using the indirect avidin-biotin peroxidase method) and morphometric evaluation of the expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and the proapoptotic protein Bad in liver cells of studied animals at different stages of obesity and DM2 were carried out. An excess of the value of the Bcl-2 protein staining area over the Bad protein staining area was revealed in the liver of 10-week-old animals. The Bcl-2/Bad expression area ratio in 10-week-old animals was twice as high as in 18-week-old animals, which indicates the presence of conditions for blocking apoptosis in the liver of younger db/ db mice. At the 18th week of life, db/db mice displayed an almost threefold increase in the expression area of the Bad protein against the background of an unchanged expression of the Bcl-2 protein. The decrease in the Bcl-2/Bad staining area ratio in 18-week-old animals was due to the increase in the Bad expression area, which indicates the absence of antiapoptotic cell protection and creates conditions for activation of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in the liver of male db/db mice with pronounced signs of obesity and DM2.A positive effect of estradiol on insulin sensitivity has been shown for females and males. Insulin sensitivity is higher in females than in males, and males show a greater tendency to develop metabolic disorders. It is believed that these sex differences are due to a protective effect of estradiol in females, but not in males. Estradiol is a steroid hormone, and its effect is due to the modulation of target gene expression, but the effect of estradiol on the expression of genes encoding insulin signal transduction and glucose transport has not been sufficiently studied. The aim of the study was to compare the molecular mechanisms of the estradiol influence on insulin sensitivity in mice of both sexes. The effect of gonadectomy and estradiol (1 μg/animal, three days) on the expression of insulin signaling cascade genes in muscle, adipose tissue, and liver, as well as on the expression of Fgf21, estradiol receptors (Esr1/2), and transcription factor Stat3 in the liver in female and male mice was investigated. Estradiol levels were lower and glucose blood levels and insulin resistance were higher in Sham operated (Sham) males compared to Sham females.
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