Notes

The particular vicious attribute states minimization involving purpose as well as causal obligation within ethical wisdom.
Findings suggest that associations of food insecurity with major depression among older adults are moderated by macro-level context, consistent with theories of social comparison and relative disadvantage. Food insecurity may represent an important risk factor for major depression and mental health disparities across socioeconomic strata in old age. Thus, policies that increase access to food assistance programs or improve the quality of local food environments may buffer against the impact of food insecurity on depression and associated complications among older adults.Clofibric acid (CFA) was selected as an example of the widespread micropollutants in municipal wastewater to investigate the feasibility of the application of an iron-activated persulfate (Fe-PS) system for selective micropollutants removal prior to biological wastewater treatment. In pure CFA solution, the CFA degradation rate was accelerated with an increase in oxidant dosage and 2.15 mg·L-1 (0.01 mM) CFA could be completed removed within 30 min with 270 mg·L-1 (1 mM) potassium persulfate (PS) activated by 56 mg·L-1 iron powder (Fe). Selleckchem Curaxin 137 Although both sulfate radicals (SO4∙-) and hydroxyl radicals (HO∙) were generated in the Fe-PS system, SO4∙- was identified as the dominant oxidant for CFA degradation. To investigate the interference from model compounds in the municipal wastewater, CFA degradation in different concentrations of ammonia or/and glucose solutions, the synthetic municipal wastewater, and real municipal wastewater systems were investigated. A complete removal of CFA was achieved with ammonia or/and glucose interferences. Less than 3% ammonia was removed due to the formation of aminopropyl radicals. link2 About 15% degradation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was mainly attributed to the oxidation of glucose by HO∙, Indicating the excellent selective oxidation ability of the Fe-PS system targeting at CFA over glucose. Even though the alkalinity significantly hindered the oxidation of CFA in both synthetic and real municipal wastewater system, the removal efficiency of CFA was significantly higher than that of DOC. The decrease of CFA removal efficiency in municipal wastewater system comparing to the other tests was due to the slow degradation of PS in the system and further hindered the SO4∙- generation. Therefore, the impacts of other impurities in municipal wastewater on the oxidation activities of Fe-PS system should be further investigated. In general, this study confirmed the feasibility of using the Fe-PS system for selective degrading resistant CFA in municipal wastewater.Antibiotics and current-use pesticides are ubiquitous in the environment. It is important to figure out their spatial distribution under the influences of anthropogenic activities and transport from rivers to coastal oceans. To address this knowledge gap, the present study conducted quarterly sampling in eight main runoff outlets of the Pearl River, South China, and obtained total concentrations of antibiotics and current-use pesticides at 24-296 ng L-1. Higher total concentrations of these chemicals occurred in summer, attributed to seasonal consumption patterns and washout by rainfalls, respectively. The spatial distributions of target analytes were not significantly different between the eastern and western outlets with high and moderate urbanization levels, respectively. Approximately 16.4, 17.7, and 12.5 tons of antibiotics, organophosphorus pesticides, and neonicotinoids were discharged annually from the outlets to the South China Sea. These results suggested that usage amount and hydrology exhibited positive effects on the riverine inputs of the target chemicals. In addition, most target chemicals exhibited low risks to green algae, but erythromycin and parathion posed high ecological risks to aquatic organism (Daphnid and fish).Dust deposition can supply nutrients that affect marine phytoplankton, but changing trophic statuses of the surface ocean increase the complexity of interpreting the process. In this study, four onboard incubation experiments amended with various nutrients and dust were performed in the Kuroshio Extension (KE) and Kuroshio-Oyashio transition (TR) of the northwest Pacific (NWP), which are characterised by lower and higher trophic statuses, respectively. According to the nutrient-addition experiments, phytoplankton were limited by nitrogen (N) in the KE, and limited by iron (Fe) or co-limited by Fe and phosphorus (P) in the TR. Dust additions supplied a considerable amount of N and Fe but negligible amount of P to stimulate phytoplankton growth, as indicated by chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration. In the KE incubations, dust additions enhanced the shift of phytoplankton size structure towards larger cells from dominantly pico-sized (0.2-2 μm) Chl a to comparable contributions from each size class (i.e. pico-, nano- 2-20 μm, micro- >20 μm). On the basis of the large shift of size structure towards nano- or micro-phytoplankton in the unamended control treatments in the TR, dust additions furtherly promoted the shift towards micro-phytoplankton becoming the dominant contributor to the total Chl a. The collective analysis of the data from experiments in both regions revealed that, the extent of phytoplankton growth stimulation and the shift towards larger cells were enhanced gradually with increasing amounts of nutrient uptake (including N, P, and silicon). The nutrient uptake ratios of phytoplankton converged towards the Redfield ratio in comparison to the wider range of nutrient ratios in the dust-amended seawater. link3 This study suggested consistencies in the dynamic of phytoplankton growth, shift of size structure, and nutrient uptake following dust additions in the KE and TR, although the trophic status and limiting nutrient varied between these two regions.There is an increasing pressure on temperate pastoral dairy production systems to reduce environmental impacts, coming from the inefficient use of N by cows in the form of excessive urinary N excretion and subsequent N leaching to the waterways and NO2 emissions to the atmosphere, these impacts have spurred research into various mitigation strategies, which have so far overlooked animal-based solutions. The objectives of this study were first, to investigate the relationship between MUN breeding values (MUNBV) and urinary urea N (UUN) concentrations and total excretion in grazing dairy cows; and secondly, to evaluate such a potential relationship in the context of different sward compositions and stage of lactation. Forty-eight multiparous, lactating Holstein-Friesian dairy cows genetically divergent for MUNBV were strip-grazed on either a ryegrass-white clover (24 cows) or ryegrass, white clover and plantain sward (24 cows), during both early and late lactation. Cows were fitted with Lincoln University PEETEhe negative environmental impact of pastoral dairy production systems in temperate grasslands. Moreover, reducing MUNBV of dairy cows can potentially increase farm profitability due to greater partitioning of N to milk in the form of protein.Raman spectroscopy can be used to effectively analyze submicron- to microsized microplastics, but Raman spectra of weathered microplastics commonly show deviations from those of unweathered microplastics and are often affected by fluorescence. However, studies of weathering-induced surface changes in microplastics have been limited to laboratory simulations. To systematically study Raman spectra and surface changes of microplastics weathered under natural environments, we collected microplastics from sediments around waste plastics processing and recycling industries in Laizhou City, Shandong Province, East China. Raman spectra of weathered microplastics differ greatly from standard spectra of unweathered plastic material. Peaks in the Raman spectra of weathered microplastics are weakened and even invisible. A preliminary Raman database of weathered microplastics (RDWP) including 124 Raman spectra of weathered microplastics was built to accurately identify microplastics in natural environments, and it is open to all users. FTIR spectroscopy revealed the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups and CC bonds related to oxidation and chain scission. SEM showed that weathered microplastics had rough surfaces and that PP was more easily fractured than PE. Complementary C and O elemental maps suggested that the O/C ratio is a potential indicator of oxidation degree. EDS revealed titanium on PET and PVC surfaces, which is related to titanium dioxide typically used as a light-blocking aid. Our data document that Raman spectroscopy has great potential in the identification of naturally weathered microplastics and that combined spectral and elemental analyses can be useful in deciphering the degradation processes of microplastics under natural conditions. CAPSULE Raman spectra of weathered microplastics differ greatly from standard spectra. A Raman database of weathered microplastics is established. Surface changes of weathered microplastics were systematically studied.The sulfidized form represents an environmentally relevant transformation state of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) released into natural systems via wastewater route. However, the detailed characterization of sulfidized silver nanoparticles (S-Ag-NPs) is missing and their colloidal stability in aquatic systems is only insufficiently studied. The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the surface properties, morphology, structure, composition, as well as aggregation dynamics of S-Ag-NPs in synthetic and natural river water. The S-Ag-NPs were prepared by sulfidation of citrate-coated silver nanoparticles (Cit-Ag-NPs). The sulfidation of Ag-NPs was accompanied by the formation of fiber-like Ag2S nano-bridges, Ag0-Ag2S core-shell structures, and hollow regions. In contrast to the published literature, the nano-bridges were thinner (2-9 nm) and longer (up to 60 nm), they formed at higher S2-/Ag molar ratio (2.041), and the formation of the core-shell structures was observed even in the absence of natural organic matter (NOM). Furthermore, we observed selective sulfidation of nanoparticles which can induce the hot spots for the release of toxic Ag+ ions. The critical coagulation concentration (CCC) of Ca2+ determined for S-Ag-NPs in reconstituted river water was 2.47 ± 0.23 mmol/L and thus higher than the CCC obtained for Cit-Ag-NPs in our earlier study revealing higher colloidal stability of S-Ag-NPs. In natural river water, S-Ag-NPs were also colloidally more stable compared to the Cit-Ag-NPs. Furthermore, the stabilizing effect of NOM was much higher for S-Ag-NPs than for Cit-Ag-NPs. For S-Ag-NPs stabilized by a low amount of citrate, we expect longer residence times in the water phase of rivers and thus higher risk for aquatic organisms. In contrast to this, the pristine Cit-Ag-NPs are expected to be accumulated faster in the sediments representing higher risk for benthic organisms. This study contributes to better understanding of environmental fate and effects of Ag-NPs released via wastewater route.Denitrification is an important process affecting nitrogen dynamics in soils. In this study, abundances of denitrification genes (narG, nirK, nirS, and nosZ) and activities of nitrite reductase (S-NiR), nitrate reductase (S-NR) were measured in heavy-metal polluted soils with different amendments of biochar and compost. The relationships between physical-chemical parameters, denitrification gene abundance, and enzyme activity were analyzed by Pearson correlation method. Results showed that compost addition significantly increased the abundances of functional genes (nirS, nosZ, narG), and the abundances of nirK and nirS might be sensitive to compost and biochar addition. Compost addition and its combination with biochar significantly decreased the S-NiR enzyme activity and stimulated the S-NR enzyme activity. Negative relationships were obtained between S-NiR activity and electric conductivity (EC), water soluble carbon (WSC), nitrate, ammonium, nirK, narG gene abundances. While S-NR activity significantly positively correlated with soil EC, WSC and nirK gene abundance.
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